Caffeine Intake and Its Association with Body Composition Measures and Macronutrient Intakes in People Living with HIV in the Miami Adult Studies on HIV Cohort

Abstract

Caffeine acts as an anorexic agent, increases energy expenditures, and decreases total body fat mass, and could be detrimental to people living with HIV (PLWH). The objective of this study was to explore the relationship between caffeine consumption, body composition measures (fat mass, body mass index [BMI], and lean body mass [LBM]), nutrient intakes, CD4 counts, and HIV viral load in PLWH. A convenience sample of 130 PLWH was recruited and followed for 3 months. Caffeine intake, body composition measures, and nutrient intakes were collected using Modified Caffeine Consumption Questionnaire, bioimpedance analyses, and 24-hour dietary recalls. Linear regressions were used to analyze the baseline data for relationships between these variables. Linear mixed models (LMMs) were used to determine the overtime changes. In baseline, linear regression analysis, higher caffeine consumption was associated with lower fat mass (β = -0.994, = 0.042). However, BMI and LBM did not show any significant association with caffeine intake. LMM analysis showed that the association between caffeine intake and fat mass strengthened overtime (β = -1.987, = 0.035). Baseline linear regression analysis showed that higher caffeine intake was significantly associated with lower caloric intakes from fat (β = -1.902, = 0.044) and lower total caloric intake (β = -1.643, = 0.042). However, LMM analysis showed that these associations diminished and lost significance overtime. There were no associations between body composition measures, nutrient intakes, CD4 counts, and HIV viral load. Caffeine intake adversely affected dietary intakes of macronutrients and total fat mass. Therefore, caffeine, a known anorectic, should be regulated in PLWH.