Caffeine, Paraxanthine, Theophylline, and Theobromine Content in Human Milk

Purkiewicz, Aleksandra; Pietrzak-Fiećko, Renata; Sörgel, Fritz; Kinzig, Martina

doi:10.3390/nu14112196

Cited by 9 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 48 publications

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“…The higher caffeine concentration in milk from donors with higher bacterial counts might be related to the participant's behavioral patterns. Purkiewicz studied a detailed 3-day caffeine intake history and reported that higher reported caffeine intake corresponded to higher caffeine concentration in human milk (Purkiewicz et al, 2022). In contrast, Escuder-Vieco et al (2014) reported that a lifestyle questionnaire is reliable for the assessment of illicit drug use by donors to a human milk bank; however, there are certain limitations regarding the disclosure of the consumption of caffeinated beverages.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Donor registration is possible one month postpartum, and many donors are several months postpartum. A study of 100 lactating women in Poland reported higher caffeine concentrations during the later postpartum period (Purkiewicz et al, 2022). We believe that the donors in our study were more likely to have increased caffeine intake because of the number of postpartum days.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…We believe that the donors in our study were more likely to have increased caffeine intake because of the number of postpartum days. Purkiewicz et al reported that factors such as place of residence, level of education, age, and stage of lactation influenced the nutritional choices of breastfeeding women, which, in turn, had an effect on the levels of caffeine and its metabolites in human milk (Purkiewicz et al, 2022). It has also been reported that there is potential inter-individual variability in caffeine metabolism (Nehlig, 2018).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Caffeine Concentrations in Human Milk Donated to a Human Milk Bank in Japan

Kozai,

Kato,

Mizuno

et al. 2024

J Hum Lact

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Background: Human milk banks have been established to provide human milk to preterm infants who are unable to obtain milk from their mothers. Donor screening methods vary, and prospective donors are commonly screened for drug and recreational substance use through behavioral screening. Although the risk of illegal drug consumption in Japan is extremely low, caffeine may be consumed unknowingly and can be found in human milk. To date, only a few reports have been conducted on the concentration of caffeine in donor milk. Research Aim: This study aimed to examine the pre-pasteurization levels of caffeine in human milk donated to a milk bank in Japan. Methods: This was a cross-sectional, observational study of caffeine concentrations in human milk donated to a human milk bank in Japan. Caffeine concentration in the donor milk was measured using high-performance liquid chromatography. Results: Caffeine was detected in 70% of the donor milk samples ( N = 350). The median (range) of caffeine concentration was 0.46 [< 0.10, 7.54] mg/L, and 64.0% of the samples had less than 1 mg/L of caffeine. The caffeine concentration varied widely among as well as within individuals. Conclusion: The average caffeine concentration in Japanese donor milk samples was higher than that previously reported in samples from Spain, but the range was similar. Donors should be informed that caffeine intake should be within a moderate range, to further increase the safety of donor milk.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Caffeine Concentrations in Human Milk Donated to a Human Milk Bank in Japan

Kozai,

Kato,

Mizuno

et al. 2024

J Hum Lact

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“…Mother's milk is considered the gold standard in infant nutrition; due to its unique composition that adapts individually to the needs of the child, it is highly recommended that babies be fed only the mother's milk until the child is at least 6 months old [1,2]. Such a position is recommended by, amongst others, the American Academy of Pediatricians (AAP) and the American Academy of Family Physicians (AAFP), who emphasize that breastfeeding reduces the risk of disease later in life [3].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Occurrence of Squalene in Human Milk and Infant Formula

Purkiewicz

Czaplicki

Pietrzak-Fiećko

2022

IJERPH

Self Cite

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(1) Background: The aim of the conducted research was to analyze the squalene content in infants’ food. (2) Methods: The experimental material included human milk collected from 100 women from Poland and three different infant formulas. The breast milk fat was extracted according to the Rose–Gottlieb method (AOAC), while the squalene content was determined using the high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method. (3) Results: The highest amount of squalene was identified in the milk of women aged 18–25 (p < 0.05), and its content in milk decreased with the age of lactating women. Moreover, the greatest amount of squalene was identified in milk from the first lactation period (colostrum), while in mature milk, its content was more than two times lower. There was a correlation between breastfeeding BMI and the squalene content in milk (r = 0.78). (4) Conclusions: The conducted research shows that the level of squalene in human milk depends on physiological factors such as the lactation period and individual factors (age, BMI). The results of the conducted research indicate that breast milk is richer in squalene than modified milk. This study shows the importance of breastfeeding and indicates the superiority of breast milk over infant formulas.

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Development of metabolic signatures of plant-rich dietary patterns using plant-derived metabolites

Li,

Xu,

Sayec

et al. 2024

Eur J Nutr

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Background Diet is an important modifiable lifestyle factor for human health, and plant-rich dietary patterns are associated with lower risk of non-communicable diseases in numerous studies. However, objective assessment of plant-rich dietary exposure in nutritional epidemiology remains challenging. Objectives This study aimed to develop and evaluate metabolic signatures of the most widely used plant-rich dietary patterns using a targeted metabolomics method comprising 108 plant food metabolites. Methods A total of 218 healthy participants were included, aged 51.5 ± 17.7 years, with 24 h urine samples measured using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry. The validation dataset employed three sample types to test the robustness of the signature, including 24 h urine (n = 88), plasma (n = 195), and spot urine (n = 198). Adherence to the plant-rich diet was assessed using a priori plant-rich dietary patterns calculated using Food Frequency Questionnaires. A combination of metabolites evaluating the adherence to a specific diet was identified as metabolic signature. We applied linear regression analysis to select the metabolites significantly associated with dietary patterns (adjusting energy intake), and ridge regression to estimate penalized weights of each candidate metabolite. The correlation between metabolic signature and the dietary pattern was assessed by Spearman analysis (FDR < 0.05). Results The metabolic signatures consisting of 42, 22, 35, 15, 33, and 33 predictive metabolites across different subclasses were found to be associated with adherence to Amended Mediterranean Score (A-MED), Original MED (O-MED), Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH), Mediterranean-DASH Intervention for Neurodegenerative Delay (MIND), healthy Plant-based Diet Index (hPDI) and unhealthy PDI (uDPI), respectively. The overlapping and distinct predictive metabolites across six dietary patterns predominantly consisted of phenolic acids (n = 38), including 14 cinnamic acids, 14 hydroxybenzoic acids, seven phenylacetic acids, and three hippuric acids. Six metabolites were included in all signatures, including two lignans: enterolactone-glucuronide, enterolactone-sulfate, and four phenolic acids: cinnamic acid, cinnamic acid-4’-sulfate, 2’-hydroxycinnamic acid, and 4-methoxybenzoic acid-3-sulfate. The established signatures were robustly correlated with dietary patterns in the validation datasets (r = 0.13–0.40, FDR < 0.05). Conclusions We developed and evaluated a set of metabolic signatures that reflected the adherence to plant-rich dietary patterns, suggesting the potential of these signatures to serve as an objective assessment of free-living eating habits.

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Caffeine, Paraxanthine, Theophylline, and Theobromine Content in Human Milk

Cited by 9 publications

References 48 publications

Caffeine Concentrations in Human Milk Donated to a Human Milk Bank in Japan

Caffeine Concentrations in Human Milk Donated to a Human Milk Bank in Japan

The Occurrence of Squalene in Human Milk and Infant Formula

Development of metabolic signatures of plant-rich dietary patterns using plant-derived metabolites

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