Caffeine Reduces Reaction Time and Improves Performance in Simulated-Contest of Taekwondo

Santos, Victor Gustavo Ferreira; Santos, Vander R. F; Felippe, Leandro C; Jr., Jose W Almeida; Bertuzzi, Rômulo Cássio de Moraes; Kiss, Maria Augusta P. D.; Lima‐Silva, Adriano Eduardo

doi:10.3390/nu6020637

Cited by 82 publications

(123 citation statements)

References 30 publications

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“…It has been shown to reduce reaction time and delay fatigue in taekwondo [68], improve cycling time trials in triathletes [69], and decrease times in cross country double poling [70]. However, other studies have not shown significant improvement with caffeine.…”

Section: Performancementioning

confidence: 96%

Performance-Enhancing Substances in Sports: A Review of the Literature

2015

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Performance-enhancing substances (PESs) have unfortunately become ubiquitous in numerous sports, often tarnishing the spirit of competition. Reported rates of PES use among athletes are variable and range from 5 to 31%. More importantly, some of these substances pose a serious threat to the health and well-being of athletes. Common PESs include anabolic-androgenic steroids, human growth hormone, creatine, erythropoietin and blood doping, amphetamines and stimulants, and beta-hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate. With recent advances in technology, gene doping is also becoming more conceivable. Sports medicine physicians are often unfamiliar with these substances and thus do not routinely broach the topic of PESs with their patients. However, to effect positive change in the sports community, physicians must educate themselves about the physiology, performance benefits, adverse effects, and testing methods. In turn, physicians can then educate athletes at all levels and prevent the use of potentially dangerous PESs.

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Section: Performancementioning

confidence: 96%

Performance-Enhancing Substances in Sports: A Review of the Literature

2015

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“…The ergogenic effects of caffeine have been demonstrated in different sport modalities, namely running [8,9], cycling [10,11], rowing [12], track and field [3], team sports [4], and martial arts [13], among others.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Potential pitfalls when investigating the ergogenic effects of caffeine in mice

Solano¹,

Scheffer²,

Alves³

et al. 2017

J Syst Integr Neurosci

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Caffeine (1,3,7-trimethylxantine) is the most commonly consumed social drug in western society for increased physical and cognitive performance [1][2][3][4][5], and it is the main ergogenic resource used by athletes [6]. Initially controversial, caffeine was banned by the International Olympic Committee from 1980-2003 [1,6,7], but then in 2004 its use was approved by the World Anti-doping Agency (WADA), and later this year by the U.S. Anti-doping Agency (USADA; 2016). However, caffeine has remained on the lists of monitored substances of these anti-doping agencies. Caffeine is rapidly and completely absorbed by the gastrointestinal tract and is readily distributed throughout all tissues of the body, including muscles and the central nervous system (CNS), which are believed to be the main recipients of caffeine's ergogenic effects [2,14]. Ergogenic doses of caffeine ranging from 3 to 9 mg/kg body mass [6] appear to have no adverse effects. A moderate oral dose of 6 mg/ kg body mass, which elicits peak plasma levels of about 60 µmol/L concentrations after 30 to 60 min, with half-life for elimination range between 2.5-10 h, is known to enhance physical and cognitive performance [5,6,10,14,15]. Blood levels of 1 -2 mmol/L are known to be toxic and even lethal [14], and have been associated with suicides [16]. Caffeine's molecular mechanisms for increasing physical performance are still virtually undefined. However, due to its ability to cross the blood-brain barrier at blood concentrations generated by a moderate ergogenic dose, and because of its properties as a stimulant psychotropic drug [15,17], mechanisms involving metabolic and central effects have been proposed.Metabolic effects of caffeine have been mainly related to the enhancement of lipolysis, fatty acid oxidation and energy expenditure via the stimulation of the sympathetic nervous system [18,19] and a sequential sparing of muscle glycogen [20]. However, the main pharmacological effects of caffeine appear to be mediated via the CNS where caffeine counterbalances the inhibitory neuromodulation of adenosine in order to induce effects on both the CNS and peripheral nervous system to reduce pain and exertion perception [21], to improve motor recruitment [22] and to increase excitation-contraction coupling [23,24].Caffeine is a non-selective competitive adenosine receptor antagonist (A 1 R and A 2 AR subtypes) that increases neurotransmission via dopamine D 2 receptors (D 2 R) [25,26]. The striatum expresses high levels of A 2 AR where they are co-expressed with postsynaptic D 2 R, forming A 2 AR-D 2 R heterodimers [25]. In this scenario, caffeine fails to be ergogenic in the mouse lacking A 2 AR [27], or in wild type rats treated with the selective A 2 AR agonist 5'-N-ethylcarboxamidoadenosine (NECA) [26], which denotes the participation of these receptors in caffeine's central-mediated ergogenic effects.When designing experimental models to better define the molecular mechanisms involved in the enhanced capacity of caffeine to positively modulate physical ...

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“…27 The ingestion of CAF improved reaction times before the first combat, increased the intensity of round 1, and maintained the intensity observed in the first combat in the second. 27 These findings provide support for the initial performance improvements seen during SPR 1 and SPR 2 in the current study. Participants were able to push faster in the first 2 SPRs, but this led to the development of fatigue, and therefore no further improvements were seen.…”

Section: Sprint Performancementioning

confidence: 90%

“…This corroborates previous research in able-bodied individuals that has shown initial improvements in performance after CAF ingestion with a subsequent null or negative influence on latter bouts. 5,27,28 Faster 30-m-sprint times in the first 3 (of 12) sprints after 5-mg/kg CAF supplementation have been reported. 5 Those authors hypothesized that the mechanism responsible for this initial improvement was a CNS effect mediated by antagonism of adenosine receptors.…”

Section: Sprint Performancementioning

confidence: 93%