Calcification

Abstract

Although calcification in the gynecologic tumor microenvironments is a common phenomenon, doctors and researchers still disregard or ignore the issue. In fact, this change in the gynecologic tumor microenvironments is clinically significant and a number of studies have reported an association between calcification and gynecological tumor progression. In ovarian cancer, calcification is predominantly psammomatous and largely occurs in serous papillary ovarian tumors. In addition, calcification in ovarian cancer correlated with lower histologic grade and may indicate a poorer survival rate. In uterine fibroids, calcification occurs as a degenerative change and is predictive of a good prognosis. As for endometrial cancer and cervical cancer, calcification rarely occurs in these cancers. The mechanism of calcification in the gynecologic tumor microenvironments is not currently clear. One theory is that calcification occurs due to degeneration of the tumor cells; another theory is that calcification occurs in response to secretions from cells in the tumor microenvironment. Although previous studies have revealed a direct association between calcifications and gynecological tumors, this association has not been fully clarified. To better clarify the significance of calcification in terms of diagnosing and treating gynecological tumors, the associations between calcification and the different histologic stages and prognosis in gynecological tumors should be further studied. In particular, more attention should be paid to the morphological characteristics, chemical nature, and mechanism of calcifications in the gynecological tumor microenvironments.

Gastric Adenocarcinoma with Enteroblastic Differentiation in the Presence of Calcification: A Case Report and Review of the Literature

“…The former occurs on the basis of cell injury and necrosis, while the latter is caused by hypercalcemia. 7 Tumor calcification is usually mainly dystrophic calcification and is related to tumor progression, diagnosis, and prognosis. Tumor calcification is common in meningioma, papillary thyroid carcinoma, ovarian mucinous papillary carcinoma, and even serves as one of the diagnostic criteria.…”

OLMALINC/OCT4/BMP2 axis enhances osteogenic-like phenotype of renal interstitial fibroblasts to participate in Randall’s plaque formation

“…The above results suggested that OCT4 might regulate osteogenic-like differentiation of hRIFs to participate in RP formation. Of note, OCT4 together with SOX2 and NANOG were reported to reprogram the cancer cells to cancer stem cells (CSCs) and serve as major transcription factors maintaining the stemness of CSCs (Bayik and Lathia 2021 ; Villodre et al 2016 ), and calcification or/and osteogenesis were noted in various cancers (Cook et al 2019 ; Wen et al 2018 ; O'Grady and Morgan 2018 ). Additionally, OCT4 was found to be upregulated and accelerate renal cell regeneration in mouse kidney with ischemia reperfusion injury (Rogers et al 2016 ).…”

Prospects for the Use of Pathological Biomineralization in the Diagnosis of Ovarian Cancer

“…The genetic factor is characterized by mutations in genes such as BRCA, KRAS, BRAF, ERBB2, CTNNB1, PTEN, PIK3CA, ARID1A, PPP2R1A, and TP53 [14]. Women with a hereditary history of ovarian cancer usually have mutations in BRCA1 and BRCA2, which are predictors of the risk of developing this pathology [15].…”