Calcification of Biomaterials and Diseased States

Mosier, Jenna A.; Nguyen, Nancy; Parker, Kadie; Simpson, C. LaShan

doi:10.5772/intechopen.71594

Cited by 7 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 67 publications

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“…Since the SBF solution possesses ion concentration nearly equal to those of human blood plasma, the formulation of bonelike apatite on a material surface can be monitored. While the mineralization effect of bone-like implants is highly desirable [ 42 ], in the case of soft tissue structures (e.g., heart valve, coronary stents, urinary implants) the process can be disastrous [ 43 ].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Processing of Polyester-Urethane Filament and Characterization of FFF 3D Printed Elastic Porous Structures with Potential in Cancellous Bone Tissue Engineering

et al. 2020

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This paper addresses the potential of self-made polyester-urethane filament as a candidate for Fused Filament Fabrication (FFF)-based 3D printing (3DP) in medical applications. Since the industry does not provide many ready-made solutions of medical-grade polyurethane filaments, we undertook research aimed at presenting the process of thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) filament formation, detailed characteristics, and 3DP of specially designed elastic porous structures as candidates in cancellous tissue engineering. Additionally, we examined whether 3D printing affects the structure and thermal stability of the filament. According to the obtained results, the processing parameters leading to the formation of high-quality TPU filament (TPU_F) were captured. The results showed that TPU_F remains stable under the FFF 3DP conditions. The series of in vitro studies involving long- and short-term degradation (0.1 M phosphate-buffered saline (PBS); 5 M sodium hydroxide (NaOH)), cytotoxicity (ISO 10993:5) and bioactivity (simulated body fluid (SBF) incubation), showed that TPU printouts possessing degradability of long-term degradable tissue constructs, are biocompatible and susceptible to mineralization in terms of hydroxyapatite (HAp) formation during SBF exposure. The formation of HAp on the surface of the specially designed porous tissue structures (PTS) was confirmed by scanning electron microscope (SEM) and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) studies. The compression test of PTS showed that the samples were strengthened due to SBF exposure and deposited HAp on their surface. Moreover, the determined values of the tensile strength (~30 MPa), Young’s modulus (~0.2 GPa), and compression strength (~1.1 MPa) allowed pre-consideration of TPU_F for FFF 3DP of cancellous bone tissue structures.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Processing of Polyester-Urethane Filament and Characterization of FFF 3D Printed Elastic Porous Structures with Potential in Cancellous Bone Tissue Engineering

et al. 2020

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“…In younger individuals, calcification of heart valves is higher than their elder counterparts. Considering the higher levels of immune activity in younger people, the increased reaction to the device and following mineralization is expected [128]. Vascular stents fail due to tearing and lesion formation promoting degradation through mineralization.…”

Section: Calcification Of Mechanically Active Vascular Devicesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mechanisms of the Osteogenic Switch of Smooth Muscle Cells in Vascular Calcification: WNT Signaling, BMPs, Mechanotransduction, and EndMT

et al. 2020

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Characterized by the hardening of arteries, vascular calcification is the deposition of hydroxyapatite crystals in the arterial tissue. Calcification is now understood to be a cell-regulated process involving the phenotypic transition of vascular smooth muscle cells into osteoblast-like cells. There are various pathways of initiation and mechanisms behind vascular calcification, but this literature review highlights the wingless-related integration site (WNT) pathway, along with bone morphogenic proteins (BMPs) and mechanical strain. The process mirrors that of bone formation and remodeling, as an increase in mechanical stress causes osteogenesis. Observing the similarities between the two may aid in the development of a deeper understanding of calcification. Both are thought to be regulated by the WNT signaling cascade and bone morphogenetic protein signaling and can also be activated in response to stress. In a pro-calcific environment, integrins and cadherins of vascular smooth muscle cells respond to a mechanical stimulus, activating cellular signaling pathways, ultimately resulting in gene regulation that promotes calcification of the vascular extracellular matrix (ECM). The endothelium is also thought to contribute to vascular calcification via endothelial to mesenchymal transition, creating greater cell plasticity. Each of these factors contributes to calcification, leading to increased cardiovascular mortality in patients, especially those suffering from other conditions, such as diabetes and kidney failure. Developing a better understanding of the mechanisms behind calcification may lead to the development of a potential treatment in the future.

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“…Intuitively, the best scaffold/graft to comply with all the requirements of TEHV would be the native aortic valve-derived ECM or similar biological composites. Commercially available bioprostheses are being currently tested as cell carriers thanks to significant improvements in decellularization protocols, which include novel cross-linking procedures to increase pliability while avoiding calcification ( 138 ). For instance, glutaraldehyde fixation replaced by heparin has shown to ameliorate valve prosthetic calcification rates probably by blocking calcium phospholipid binding sites as well as to inhibit thrombosis ( 108 , 139 ).…”

Section: Scaffolds For In Vitro Tehvmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For instance, glutaraldehyde fixation replaced by heparin has shown to ameliorate valve prosthetic calcification rates probably by blocking calcium phospholipid binding sites as well as to inhibit thrombosis ( 108 , 139 ). Other cross-linking alternatives are the reduction of free amine groups and targeting free aldehydes by using reducing agents capable of forming Schiff bases which may allow for glycosaminoglicans and elastin stabilization, avoid collagen deformation and inhibition of calcium binding ( 138 ).…”

Section: Scaffolds For In Vitro Tehvmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…(D) Paracrine activity . As discussed above, cells seeded onto the graft/scaffold represent a source of biomolecules, favoring re-endothelialization, new native-like ECM ( 138 ). In addition, the presence of cells can decrease the degradation rate of the constituent scaffold ECM resulting in enhanced preservation of its mechanical properties ( 176 ) and eventually against prosthetic calcification.…”

Section: Additional Consideration To Choose the Proper Cell Type For mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Cell Sources for Tissue Engineering Strategies to Treat Calcific Valve Disease

Jover

Fagnano

Angelini

et al. 2018

Front. Cardiovasc. Med.

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Cardiovascular calcification is an independent risk factor and an established predictor of adverse cardiovascular events. Despite concomitant factors leading to atherosclerosis and heart valve disease (VHD), the latter has been identified as an independent pathological entity. Calcific aortic valve stenosis is the most common form of VDH resulting of either congenital malformations or senile “degeneration.” About 2% of the population over 65 years is affected by aortic valve stenosis which represents a major cause of morbidity and mortality in the elderly. A multifactorial, complex and active heterotopic bone-like formation process, including extracellular matrix remodeling, osteogenesis and angiogenesis, drives heart valve “degeneration” and calcification, finally causing left ventricle outflow obstruction. Surgical heart valve replacement is the current therapeutic option for those patients diagnosed with severe VHD representing more than 20% of all cardiac surgeries nowadays. Tissue Engineering of Heart Valves (TEHV) is emerging as a valuable alternative for definitive treatment of VHD and promises to overcome either the chronic oral anticoagulation or the time-dependent deterioration and reintervention of current mechanical or biological prosthesis, respectively. Among the plethora of approaches and stablished techniques for TEHV, utilization of different cell sources may confer of additional properties, desirable and not, which need to be considered before moving from the bench to the bedside. This review aims to provide a critical appraisal of current knowledge about calcific VHD and to discuss the pros and cons of the main cell sources tested in studies addressing in vitro TEHV.

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Calcification of Biomaterials and Diseased States

Cited by 7 publications

References 67 publications

Processing of Polyester-Urethane Filament and Characterization of FFF 3D Printed Elastic Porous Structures with Potential in Cancellous Bone Tissue Engineering

Processing of Polyester-Urethane Filament and Characterization of FFF 3D Printed Elastic Porous Structures with Potential in Cancellous Bone Tissue Engineering

Mechanisms of the Osteogenic Switch of Smooth Muscle Cells in Vascular Calcification: WNT Signaling, BMPs, Mechanotransduction, and EndMT

Cell Sources for Tissue Engineering Strategies to Treat Calcific Valve Disease

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