Calcified Epidural Hematoma after Conservative Treatment of Acute Epidural Hematoma in the Pediatric Population: A Systematic Review

Abstract

Introduction: Acute traumatic epidural hematoma (EDH) is a complication in 2–3% of pediatric head injuries. Surgery is mandatory in symptomatic cases; otherwise, conservative treatment is a valid approach, especially in the pediatric population. Ossified epidural hematomas (OEHs) have been reported in the pediatric population as a rare complication of conservative EDH management, although the exact incidence remains unknown. The progressive increase in conservative management may lead to increases in OEH incidence over the next few years. Our study aimed to systematically review OEH incidence, management strategies, characteristics (thickness, inner/outer calcifications), complication rates, time to surgery after the EDH diagnosis, and clinical outcomes. Methods: A systematic review was conducted in accordance with the PRISMA guidelines. Papers reporting diagnoses and clear descriptions of OEH after EDH in pediatric patients were considered eligible. Results: Sixteen studies, including 18 pediatric patients aged 0–18 years, were included. Head trauma was the most common cause of OEH. Seven (38.8%) OEHs were treated less than 1 month after EDH diagnosis. Surgery was performed in 17 cases (94.44%), while 1 asymptomatic case (5.56%) was managed conservatively. Conclusions: Surgery was the most commonly used treatment for OEH. Data for conservative treatment of OEH are limited. Magnetic resonance imaging or ultrasound within the first 2 months, to check for EDH resolution, may be crucial to rule out complications in pediatric patients.