“…4 Likewise, in lung transplantation the source of pain is multifactorial and related to preexisting pain conditions, calcineurin-inhibitors, and pain at incision and thoracostomy tube sites. 2,5,6 Lung transplant patients are quite heterogeneous, varying significantly in age, comorbid conditions, indication for transplantation, and risk factors for pain. Nationally, there has been an increase in the number of lung transplants performed, with concomitant increases in the medical and surgical complexity of transplant recipients.…”