Calcite as a source of excess calcium in rainwater

Ichikuni, Masami

doi:10.1029/jc083ic12p06249

Cited by 55 publications

(21 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…6 (Fujita et al, 2000). The emission source of basic dust is the desert and yellow ochre highland in the northwest of the continent (Ichikuni, 1978;Uematsu et al, Tellus 55B (2003), 1 1983; Nishikawa et al, 1991;Hao, 1993). According to analyses for the dry region of the continent, atmospheric calcium exists mostly in the form of CaCO 3 , or sometimes in the form of CaSO 4 (Hseung and Jackson, 1952;Okada and Kai, 1995).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The wet deposition of acid and some major ions over the Japanese Archipelago

Fujita¹,

Takahashi²,

Sakurai³

2003

Tellus B: Chemical and Physical Meteorology

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The wet deposition of acid and some major ions over the Japanese Archipelago was presented. The country was divided into 15 climatic regions with 114 grid squares, and the annual and seasonal fluxes of non-sea salt sulfate, nitrate, ammonium and non-sea salt calcium were estimated. Wet deposition fluxes were determined from CRIEPI's regional monitoring data at 21 sites between October 1987 and September 1990. The concentration of these ions in precipitation increased during the cold season, and this tendency was noted on the northwestern region facing the continent across the Japan Sea. . If the concentration difference of AC − BC was converted to the wet deposition of H + , it was approximately 23 meq m −2 yr −1 , or the total deposition over the Japanese Archipelago was approximately 17 Geq yr −1 . For Japan as a whole, wet deposition of inferred H + in the warm season and the cold season accounted for 45% and 55%, respectively. In the warm season, the major receptor of acid was the climate regions facing the Pacific Ocean, while in the cold season it was the climate regions facing the Japan Sea. The wet deposition over the Japanese Archipelago was influenced by two factors: meteorological conditions such as the wind system and rainfall pattern due to Asian monsoons, and the geographical distribution of emission sources of chemical substances through natural and anthropogenic activities in East Asia. It was suggested that in-flow of chemical substances from outside the region plays an important role in the wet deposition field over the Japanese Archipelago.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The wet deposition of acid and some major ions over the Japanese Archipelago

Fujita¹,

Takahashi²,

Sakurai³

2003

Tellus B: Chemical and Physical Meteorology

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“…There are some patterns of long range aeolian transport of terrigenous materials evident in the sediments (Rex and Goldberg, 1958;Griffin et al, 1968), and in the surface water of the Pacific Ocean (Tsunogai and Nozaki, 1971;Nozaki et al, 1976;Uematsu et al, 1985a), and there are some observations on mineral dust, Kosa, in maritime air (Ysunogai et al, 1972;Duce et al, 1980;Ishizaka et al, 1981;Darzi and Winchester, 1982;Tsunogai and Kondo, 1982;Iwasaka et al, 1983;Parrington et al, 1983) and in atmospheric deposition (Miyake et al, 1956;Tsunogai and Shinagawa, 1977;Ishizaka, 1972Ishizaka, , 1973Uematsu et al, 1985b). Ichikuni (1978) observed the Sr/Ca ratio of rain in Sendai, Japan and have concluded the excess Ca relative to sea water composition may be derived from calcite contained in soil dust transported from North China. It is well known that the atmospheric concentration of mineral aerosol shows wide temporal and areal variations (Uematsu et al, 1983;Tsunogai et al, 1985).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Origin of calcium in aerosols over the western North Pacific

Suzuki

Tsunogai

1988

J Atmos Chem

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Weekly aerosol samples were collected from March 1981 to June 1983 at the six stations in the western North Pacific region and analyzed for Ca and Na. By coupling data with those previously reported for Al (Tsunogai et al., 1985), the following results and conclusion have been obtained. There was a positive correlation between the atmospheric concentration of Al and the concentration of nonsea salt Ca (nssCa). The nssCa/Al ratios from the six stations, however, considerably varied (from 0.84 +_ 0.36 to 3.00 _+ 1.91), and the ratios were usually larger than those of the crustal average or of usual soil in Japan. The Ca/AI ratios of Asian desert soil and loess vary from 0.52 to 1.29, which are similar to the nssCa/A1 ratios of aerosols in the surface air over the western North Pacific region except at Onna, Okinawa. The exception may be due to a local effect of coral. These results suggest that a large part of nonsea salt Ca in the surface air over the western North Pacific is derived from arid regions in Asia and that the nssCa/Al ratio in aerosol varies with that of the source material.

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“…In these regions, road dust formed by studded tires of automobiles has been regarded as the main source of nss-calcium in winter as well as soil dust transported from the Asian continent (Tsuruta, 1989). However, the positive correla tion between nss-calcium and nss-sulfate in winter strongly suggests that the increase in nss calcium observed at Toyama was mainly due to the transport of.soil dust containing calcite from Asian deserts (Ichikuni, 1978;Duce et al, 1980;Lee, 1990) and not due to the road dust pro duced locally. The linear relationship between the deposition rate of nss-sulfate and that of nss calcium in winter at Toyama is obtained by the least squares fitting method using the winter rates at Toyama as follows; (n=51, r=0.58)…”

mentioning

confidence: 92%

Deposition of non-sea salt sulfate observed at Toyama facing the Sea of Japan for the period of 1981-1991.

Satake¹,

Yamane²

1992

Geochem. J.

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Monthly deposition rates of non-sea salt (nss-)sulfate from the atmosphere were observed at Toyama (1981Toyama ( -1991 and Wajima (1982Wajima ( -1984, both facing the Sea of Japan. The deposition rates at Toyama and Wajima showed similar seasonal variations with a large increase in winter, showing a good correlation to sodium deposition rate which is one of indicators of transport from the Sea of Japan. Thus, the increase in deposition rate in winter is attributed to the long-distance transport of sulfur diox ide from the Asian continent. The deposition rate and nss-S04 / Na ratio in each winter season during 1981-1991, however, did not show an increase with time, though the annual consumption rate of coal in East Asia increased by more than 50% in the 1980s. When the nss-sulfate deposition rate is plotted against the nss-calcium deposition rate, the deposition rates in the summer season shows a correlation of 1:1 in mole. This suggests that most of the nss-sulfate in summer is due to calcium sulfate emitted from flue gas desulfurization plants. On the contrary, in winter, the large increase in nss-sulfate was coupled with a slight increase in nss-calcium, but the ratio of nss-Ca/nss-S04 was lower than unity. This suggests that nss-sulfate in winter can be a mixture with variable ratios of calcium sulfate in Japan to sulfuric acid converted from sulfur dioxide from the Asian continent.

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Calcite as a source of excess calcium in rainwater

Cited by 55 publications

References 15 publications

The wet deposition of acid and some major ions over the Japanese Archipelago

The wet deposition of acid and some major ions over the Japanese Archipelago

Origin of calcium in aerosols over the western North Pacific

Deposition of non-sea salt sulfate observed at Toyama facing the Sea of Japan for the period of 1981-1991.

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