Calcium alkoxides for stone consolidation: Investigating the carbonation process

Tomasin, Patrizia; Mondin, Giulia; Zuena, Martina; Habra, Naida El; Nodari, Luca; Moretto, Ligia Maria

doi:10.1016/j.powtec.2018.12.050

Cited by 19 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 30 publications

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“…Carbonated cement paste in concrete is characterised by reduced compactness and/or evident absence of portlandite. In this pastes in the place of portlandite various calcium carbonates are formed [ 28 , 66 , 72 , 73 , 74 , 75 ]. As a result of carbonation on the surface of the portlandite, amorphous calcium carbonates are formed, which over time turn into vaterite, from which aragonite can be formed.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Fourier transformation infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) is also used to study the changes in the phase composition of the cement paste undergoing carbonation [ 22 , 72 ]. It can also be used to study the transformations of portlandite and the C–S–H phase as well as the CaCO 3 polymorphism.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Infrared spectroscopy studies can be combined with other types of research, thus obtaining more accurate information about the composition of the carbonated paste. They can be complemented with XRD analysis [ 72 , 73 ], but can also be combined with thermal analysis [ 76 ]. Thermal analysis by the thermogravimetric (TG) method is a popular method that allows one to quantify the cement paste carbonation degree.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Diagnostics of Concrete and Steel in Elements of an Historic Reinforced Concrete Structure

et al. 2021

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Existing buildings, especially historical buildings, require periodic or situational diagnostic tests. If a building is in use, advanced non-destructive or semi-destructive methods should be used. In the diagnosis of reinforced concrete structures, tests allowing to assess the condition of the reinforcement and concrete cover are particularly important. The article presents non-destructive and semi-destructive research methods that are used for such tests, as well as the results of tests performed for selected elements of a historic water tower structure. The assessment of the corrosion risk of the reinforcement was carried out with the use of a semi-destructive galvanostatic pulse method. The protective properties of the concrete cover were checked by the carbonation test and the phase analysis of the concrete. X-ray diffractometry and thermal analysis methods were used for this. In order to determine the position of the reinforcement and to estimate the concrete cover thickness distribution, a ferromagnetic detection system was used. The comprehensive application of several test methods allowed mutual verification of the results and the drawing of reliable conclusions. The results indicated a very poor state of the reinforcement, loss in the depth of cover and sulphate corrosion.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Diagnostics of Concrete and Steel in Elements of an Historic Reinforced Concrete Structure

et al. 2021

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“…One suggests the use of diammonium hydrogenphosphate, (NH 4 ) 2 HPO 4 (DAP) together with Ca(OH) 2 . The reaction of HPO 4 with CaCO 3 gives hydroxyapatite (HAP) which is highly stable and compatible with the limestone substrate. However, the metastable phases include calcium phosphate, such as dicalcium phosphate dehydrate or octacalcium phosphate, and in certain cases these products outnumber the HAP produced.…”

Section: Assessment Tools For Nanolime-treated Calcareous Stonesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Recently, alkoxysilanes were proven to function in a deteriorating way for calcareous stones forming isolated aggregates within the pores of calcareous stones, whereas, for siliceous stones, gelling of the sols created a continuous film, closing the pores ( Figure 6) [7]. A number of experimental results were provided including Consolidant products can be based on inorganic nanoparticles of Ca(OH) 2 , Mg(OH) 2 , Ba(OH) 2 , Sr(OH) 2 , SiO 2 , calcium alkoxides [4], tetraethoxysilane (TEOS)-nano-calcium oxalate [5], hydroxyapatite or silicon-based hybrid polymer nanocomposites [6]. Recently, alkoxysilanes were proven to function in a deteriorating way for calcareous stones forming isolated aggregates within the pores of calcareous stones, whereas, for siliceous stones, gelling of the sols created a continuous film, closing the pores ( Figure 6) [7].…”

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confidence: 99%

A Review of the Assessment Tools for the Efficiency of Nanolime Calcareous Stone Consolidant Products for Historic Structures

Dimitrakakis¹

2019

Buildings

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In the present review paper, the term “effectiveness” of nanolime consolidants was redefined by presenting a suite of efficiency parameters/material properties that must be assessed in order to compare available treatments for weathered calcareous stones for historic buildings. Assessment tools in the form of characterization methods for synthetized nanolime dispersions, artificial weathering techniques, and treated calcareous stones were correlated and discussed, giving rise to non-destructive testing methods. The effect of the application method and dispersion medium was also presented. It was concluded that the presented suite of efficiency parameters and characterization techniques can be applied to further studies for the development of mass consolidation procedures in order to reach penetration depths well beyond the 5.5 cm threshold achieved up to date.

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Silica‐Functionalized Nanolimes for the Conservation of Stone Heritage

Burgos-Ruiz

Elert

Ruíz-Agudo

et al. 2023

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The relatively recent development of nanolimes (i.e., alcoholic dispersions of Ca(OH)2 nanoparticles) has paved the way for new approaches to the conservation of important art works. Despite their many benefits, nanolimes have shown limited reactivity, back‐migration, poor penetration, and lack of proper bonding to silicate substrates. In this work a novel solvothermal synthesis process is presented by which extremely reactive nanostructured Ca(OH)2 particles are obtained using calcium ethoxide as the main precursor species. Moreover, it is demonstrated that this material can be easily functionalized with silica‐gel derivatives under mild synthesis conditions, thereby preventing particle growth, increasing total specific surface area, enhancing reactivity, modifying colloidal behavior, and functioning as self‐integrated coupling agents. Additionally, the formation of calcium silicate hydrate (CSH) nanocement is promoted by the presence of water, resulting in optimal bonding when applied to silicate substrates, as evidenced by the higher reinforcement effect produced on treated Prague sandstone specimens as compared to those consolidated with nonfunctionalized commercial nanolime. The functionalization of nanolimes is not only a promising strategy for the design of optimized consolidation treatments for the cultural heritage, but may also have important implications for the development of advanced nanomaterials for building, environmental, or biomedical applications.

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Calcium alkoxides for stone consolidation: Investigating the carbonation process

Cited by 19 publications

References 30 publications

Diagnostics of Concrete and Steel in Elements of an Historic Reinforced Concrete Structure

Diagnostics of Concrete and Steel in Elements of an Historic Reinforced Concrete Structure

A Review of the Assessment Tools for the Efficiency of Nanolime Calcareous Stone Consolidant Products for Historic Structures

Silica‐Functionalized Nanolimes for the Conservation of Stone Heritage

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