Calcium and magnesium gradients in apples with bitter pit

Hopfinger, J. A.; Poovaiah, B. W.

doi:10.1080/00103627909366878

Cited by 28 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…The higher levels of Mg associated with tipbumed tissue found in this study have been observed in other Ca-related disorders, including blossom-end rot of tomato (Murray et al, 1972) and bitter-pit of apple (Hopfinger and Poovaiah, 1979). Although the levels of K showed no correlation to tipburn injury, the relatively high tissue concentrations of K along with elevated levels of Mg may have enhanced injury development by straining cell membranes already weakened by Ca stress (Bangerth, 1979;Simon, 1978).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 54%

Calcium Localization in Lettuce Leaves with and without Tipburn: Comparison of Controlled-environment and Field-grown Plants

Bárta¹,

Tibbitts²

1991

jashs

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An electron microprobe was used to determine tissue concentrations of Ca across 20-mm-long leaves of `Green Lakes' crisphead lettuce (Luctuca sativa L.) with and without tipburn injury. Concentrations within the fifth and 14th leaves, counted from the cotyledons, from plants grown under controlled-environment conditions were compared to concentrations within similar leaves obtained from plants grown under field conditions. Only the 14th leaf from plants grown under controlled-environment conditions developed tipburn. Injured areas on these leaves had Ca concentrations as low as 0.2 to 0.3 mg·g-1 dry weight. Uninjured areas of tipburned leaves contained from 0.4 to 0.5 mg·g-1 dry weight. Concentrations across the uninjured 14th leaf from field-grown plants averaged 1.0 mg·g-1 dry weight. Amounts across the uninjured fifth leaves from both environments averaged 1.6 mg·g-1 dry weight. In contrast, Mg concentrations were higher in injured leaves than in uninjured leaves and thus were negatively correlated with Ca concentrations. Magnesium concentrations averaged 4.7 mg·g-1 dry weight in injured leaves compared with 3.4 mg·g-1 dry weight in uninjured leaves from both environments. Magnesium concentrations were uniform across the leaf. Potassium concentrations were highest at the leaf apex and decreased toward the base and also decreased from the midrib to the margin. Potassium averaged 51 mg·g-1 dry weight in injured and uninjured leaves from both environments. No significant differences in K concentration were present between injured and uninjured leaves. This study documented that deficient concentrations of Ca were present in areas of leaf tissue developing tipburn symptoms and that concentrations were significantly higher in similar areas of other leaves that had no symptoms. This study also documented that Ca concentrations were significantly lower in enclosed leaves that exhibited tipburn symptoms than in exposed leaves that did not exhibit tipburn. Also, the amounts of Ca in plants that developed tipburn in controlled environments were lower than in plants of the same cultivar that did not develop tipburn in field plantings. The reduced levels of Ca in plants grown in controlled environments were associated with faster development rates compared with field-grown plants.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 54%

Calcium Localization in Lettuce Leaves with and without Tipburn: Comparison of Controlled-environment and Field-grown Plants

Bárta¹,

Tibbitts²

1991

jashs

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“…Scion varieties seem to vary significantly in their calcium uptake and transport physiology (Korban andSwiader, 1983, 1984;Volz et al, 2006) and 'Honeycrisp' seems to be a good example of calcium absorption and transport inefficiency when compared to other varieties as it is especially susceptible to bitter pit (Biggs and Peck, 2015;Jarolmasjed et al, 2016). The relationship between fruit size, crop load, calcium concentration and incidence of bitter pit has been well characterized (Drazeta et al, 2001;Fallahi et al, 2010;Hopfinger and Poovaiah, 1979;Perring and Jackson, 1975;Perring and Pearson, 1986;Robinson and Lopez, 2012;Rosenberger et al, 2004). Our data emphasized the role of potassium concentration and the ratio of K/Ca in leaves and fruit as one of the best predictors of bitter pit in 'Honeycrisp' apples, suggesting that rootstock induced levels for both nutrients play a role in this disorder and that the addition of potassium fertilizers on potassium-efficient rootstocks might increase the susceptibility to bitter pit.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

I. Mineral nutrient profiles and relationships of ‘Honeycrisp’ grown on a genetically diverse set of rootstocks under Western New York climatic conditions

Fazio

Lordan

Grusak

et al. 2020

Scientia Horticulturae

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We measured mineral nutrient concentrations in leaves, fruit flesh and fruit peel from field grown apple trees grown on a genetically diverse group of rootstocks from the fifth leaf through the eigth leaf (2014)(2015)(2016)(2017) and identified relationships between nutrients in leaves and fruit of 'Honeycrisp' apple. We also evaluated the constancy of rootstock influence on scion nutrient profiles over the four years. Boron concentration was consistent in different seasons, with rootstocks M.9 (several clones), B.9, M.26EMLA, PiAu51-11 and B.71-7-22 resulting in consistently low boron levels, while G.935, CG.2034, CG.4004, G.222 and CG.5087 provided consistently high boron levels. Unlike boron, calcium concentration in scion tissues was somewhat variable in different seasons suggesting a role for climate and perhaps management factors in the rootstock induced absorption and translocation of calcium. We identified a group of rootstocks that yielded high calcium levels in scion tissues (G.214, B.10, G.41, B.9, G.935, G.11, CG.4003) while another group yielded low calcium levels (M.26, M.9-T337, G.202, CG.4004, G.814). We also identified a group of rootstocks that induced low potassium values in scion tissues (CG.4003, G.935, G.222, and G.202), whereas B.70-20-21, B.67-5-32, B.70-20-20 yielded consistently higher values. Rootstock B.10 and CG.2034 induced consistently higher potassium values in fruittissues. The ratio of K/Ca in leaves and fruit was the best predictor of bitter pit in 'Honeycrisp' apples, suggesting that rootstock induced levels for both nutrients play a role in this disorder and that the addition of potassium fertilizers on potassium-efficient rootstocks might increase the susceptibility to bitter pit. Rootstocks CG.4003, B.10, G.41N, and G.214 seemed to produce fruit with lower levels of bitter pit. Our data indicates that some rootstocks are more efficient at absorbing nutrients than others, which implies that fertilizer recommendations developed using one rootstock, such as M.26 or M.9, might be too high for other rootstocks which are more efficient and could thus be causing tree and fruit physiological disorders. Newer rootstocks might be already supplying the needed amounts of minerals to scion tissues.

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“…Mansf.] (Hopfinger and Poovaiah, 1979) and potato tissues (Barta, personal observations) exhibiting Ca deficiency injuries. This high Mg concentration may be due to Mg accumulation resulting from cellular dysfunction during injury development.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Calcium Localization and Tipburn Development in Lettuce Leaves during Early Enlargement

Bárta¹,

Tibbitts²

2000

jashs

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Tissue concentrations of Ca, Mg, and K were determined across immature leaves of lettuce (Lactuca sativa L. `Buttercrunch') at different stages of enlargement using electron microprobe x-ray analysis. The analysis was with a wavelength dispersive spectrometer to permit detection of low concentrations of Ca. Patterns of mineral accumulation in immature leaves that were exposed were compared to patterns of accumulation in leaves that were enclosed within a developing head. The leaves developing without enclosure were free to transpire and developed normally whereas leaves developing with enclosure were restricted in transpiration and developed an injury that was characteristic of Ca deficiency. In the exposed leaves, Ca concentrations increased from an average of 1.0 to 2.1 mg·g-1 dry weight (DW) as the leaves enlarged from 5 to 30 mm in length. In the enclosed leaves, Ca concentrations decreased from 1.0 to 0.7 mg·g-1 DW as the leaves enlarged from 5 to 30 mm in length. At the tips of these enclosed leaves a larger decrease was found, from 0.9 to 0.3 mg·g-1 DW during enlargement. Necrotic injury first became apparent in this tip area when the concentration was ≈0.4 mg·g-1 DW. Magnesium concentrations across the exposed leaves were similar to concentrations across the enclosed leaves, and did not change with enlargement. Magnesium concentrations averaged 3.5. mg·g-1 DW in both enclosed and exposed leaves during enlargement from 5 to 30 mm. In both exposed and enclosed leaves, K concentrations increased during enlargement from 40 to ≈60 mg·g-1 DW. Potassium concentrations were highest toward the leaf apex and upper margin where injury symptoms occurred, and this may have enhanced injury development. This research documents the critical low levels of Ca (0.2 to 0.4 mg·g-1 DW) that can occur in enclosed leaves of plants and which apparently leads to the marginal apex necrosis of developing leaves seen frequently on lettuce and other crops.

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Calcium and magnesium gradients in apples with bitter pit

Cited by 28 publications

References 15 publications

Calcium Localization in Lettuce Leaves with and without Tipburn: Comparison of Controlled-environment and Field-grown Plants

Calcium Localization in Lettuce Leaves with and without Tipburn: Comparison of Controlled-environment and Field-grown Plants

I. Mineral nutrient profiles and relationships of ‘Honeycrisp’ grown on a genetically diverse set of rootstocks under Western New York climatic conditions

Calcium Localization and Tipburn Development in Lettuce Leaves during Early Enlargement

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