Calcium and Magnesium in Drinking Water and Risk of Death from Colon Cancer

Yang, Chun‐Yuh; Chiu, Hui‐Fen; Chiu, Jeng‐Fen; Tsai, Shang-Shyue; Cheng, Ming‐Fen

doi:10.1111/j.1349-7006.1997.tb00310.x

Cited by 59 publications

(51 citation statements)

References 32 publications

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“…Another case-control study showed a moderate inverse association between magnesium 11 level in drinking water and prostate cancer mortality (58). However, the relationship for 12 magnesium intake from food has never been reported.…”

Section: Dietary Magnesium Intake 18mentioning

confidence: 96%

Dietary calcium and magnesium intake in relation to cancer incidence and mortality in a German prospective cohort (EPIC-Heidelberg)

Kaaks

Linseisen

et al. 2011

Cancer Causes Control

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To prospectively evaluate the associations of dietary calcium and magnesium intake with cancer incidence and mortality, data of 24,323 participants of the Heidelberg cohort of the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC-Heidelberg), who were aged 35-64 years and cancer-free at recruitment (1994)(1995)(1996)(1997)(1998), were analyzed using multivariate Cox regression models. After an average follow-up time of 11 years, 2,050 incident cancers were diagnosed and 513 cancer deaths occurred. Dietary calcium intake was inversely but not statistically significantly associated with colorectal cancer risk (hazard ratio [HR] for per 100 mg increase in intake: 0.95; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.88, 1.02) and lung cancer risk (HR for per 100 mg increase in intake: 0.94; 95% CI: 0.87, 1.02). No statistically significant associations were observed between dietary calcium intake and site-specific or overall cancer incidence or mortality. Dietary magnesium intake was not statistically significantly associated with any of the investigated outcomes. This prospective cohort study provides no strong evidence to support that high dietary calcium and magnesium intake in the intake range observed in a German population may reduce cancer incidence or mortality. To prospectively evaluate the association of dietary calcium and magnesium intake with 2 cancer incidence and mortality and all-cause mortality, the authors analyzed data of 3 24,323 participants of the Heidelberg cohort of the European Prospective Investigation 4 into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC-Heidelberg), who were aged 35-64 years and cancer-5 free at recruitment stage (1994)(1995)(1996)(1997)(1998), using multivariate Cox regression models. After an 6 average follow-up time of 11 years, 2,050 incident cancers were diagnosed and 513 7 cancer deaths occurred (all-cause deaths = 1,161). Dietary calcium intake was inversely 8 but not statistically significantly associated with colorectal cancer risk (hazard ratio (HR) 9for per 100-mg increase of intake: 0.95; 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.88, 1.02) and 10 lung cancer risk (HR for per 100-mg increase of intake: 0.94; 95% CI: 0.87, 1.02). No 11 statistically significant association was observed between dietary calcium intake and total 12 cancer incidence. Compared with participants in the lowest quartile of dietary calcium 13 intake, participants in the highest quartile had an increased risk of all-cause mortality (HR: 14 1.20; 95% CI: 0.99, 1.45; P trend = 0.09; HR for per 100-mg increase of intake: 1.02; 95% 15 CI: 1.00, 1.05). Dietary magnesium intake was not statistically significantly related to 16 any of the investigated outcomes. This prospective cohort study provides no strong 17 evidence to support the preventive effect of dietary calcium and magnesium intake on 18 cancer incidence and mortality. However, this study suggests a mild adverse effect of 19 dietary calcium intake on all-cause mortality. 20 21

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Section: Dietary Magnesium Intake 18mentioning

confidence: 96%

Dietary calcium and magnesium intake in relation to cancer incidence and mortality in a German prospective cohort (EPIC-Heidelberg)

Kaaks

Linseisen

et al. 2011

Cancer Causes Control

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“…Thereafter, a considerable number of studies have been published investigating this general association in many different nations. Furthermore, recent studies have begun to examine more diverse health outcomes including cancer (Yang & Hung 1998;Yang et al , 2000Yang et al , 2002. The hardness of drinking water is directly determined by the concentration of dissolved minerals, predominantly calcium and magnesium, mainly in combination with bicarbonate, sulphate and chloride.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A systematic review of analytical observational studies investigating the association between cardiovascular disease and drinking water hardness

Catling

Abubakar

Lake

et al. 2008

Journal of Water and Health

102

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The aim of this study is to systematically review and critically assess analytical observational epidemiology studies investigating the association between levels of drinking water hardness and cardiovascular disease. We searched electronic databases and used standardised forms to extract data and assess study quality. Of 2,906 papers identified, 14 met the inclusion criteria (nine case control and five cohort studies). Of the nine case control studies, seven examined both drinking water magnesium and calcium and risk of death from cardiovascular disease. A pooled odds ratio showed a statistically significant inverse association between magnesium and cardiovascular mortality (OR 0.75 (95%CI 0.68, 0.82), p , 0.001). Only two studies reported a statistically significant effect for calcium. Substantial heterogeneity between studies made calculation of a summary estimate for drinking water calcium inappropriate. Of three cohort studies reviewed, two were of good quality. A weak suggestion that soft water was harmful in females and possibly associated with a slightly greater risk of sudden death was reported, but there was no association between water hardness and mortality from stroke or cardiovascular disease. This study found significant evidence of an inverse association between magnesium levels in drinking water and cardiovascular mortality following a meta-analysis of case control studies. Evidence for calcium remains unclear.

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“…As, Cd, Pb). The latest clinical studies indicate that breast cancer (but also other carcinogenic diseases like cancer of prostate, digestive tract) could be associated partially also to the contents of macro-components in human tissues and fluids, mainly Ca and Mg [16][17][18][19]. The mortality from breast cancer is rather rough parameter, depending strongly on early diagnostics and effectiveness of administered therapy.…”

Section: Relative Mortality From Breast Cancer (C50)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Linking of Environmental and Health Indicators by Neural Networks: Case of Breast Cancer Mortality, Slovak Republic

Rapant¹,

Letkovicová²,

Cvečková³

et al. 2013

OJG

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This study deals with the analysis of relationship between 67 environmental indicators in geological environment and breast cancer mortality in Slovakia. Primary data comprises a database of 67 environmental indicators for groundwater and soils as a mean value for every Slovak municipality and the data on relative mortality from breast cancer for Slovak municipalities (about 2900) collected for the period of 22 years. The training neural network was used as a mathematical model for data analysis. The top 200 networks have identified 12 environmental indicators (8 for soils: pH KCl , carbonates, Ca, Mg, Na, Co, Sr and 4 for groundwater: Ba, SiO 2 , Zn, Fe) with high rate of influence. As the most influential environmental indicator was identified pH KCl in soil that should be within the range of acids, definitely under the neutral point. Most of environmental indicators were unambiguously identified as negative (Mg, Ca, Sr, carbonates, Ba, SiO 2 , Zn and Fe). These indicators should be at the lowest level of their concentration in related geological component. Three environmental indicators, Ce, Na and Co had parabolic function where certain essential concentration levels of these elements are presumed with protective effect on human health. For all influential indicators limit values with respect to the lowest mortality were proposed. The verification of achieved results was performed through regressive model of breast cancer mortality for 12 calculated influential environmental indicators for all municipalities in the Slovak Republic. The revealed difference between real mortality levels and the model values was found for 6 environmental indicators (pH KCl , Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, Zn). Each executed limit has decreased breast cancer mortality for about 0.79 cases per 100,000 inhabitants.

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Calcium and Magnesium in Drinking Water and Risk of Death from Colon Cancer

Cited by 59 publications

References 32 publications

Dietary calcium and magnesium intake in relation to cancer incidence and mortality in a German prospective cohort (EPIC-Heidelberg)

Dietary calcium and magnesium intake in relation to cancer incidence and mortality in a German prospective cohort (EPIC-Heidelberg)

A systematic review of analytical observational studies investigating the association between cardiovascular disease and drinking water hardness

Linking of Environmental and Health Indicators by Neural Networks: Case of Breast Cancer Mortality, Slovak Republic

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