Calcium / Ca ( AlCl4 ) 2 — Thionyl Chloride High Rate Cell

Abstract

The lithium-SO2 cell shows good performance over a wide range of temperatures and a good shelf life. In addition, it has the highest power density of all commercially available cells (1). For example, a C-size cell is capable of continuously delivering 1.5A at room temperature (2). However, because of hazard limitations, its recommended maximum continuous rate is only 0.36A (2). Recently, both the safety and rate capability of the Li-SO2 system were improved (3-5), and the recommended maximum continuous rate was doubled. All of this was accomplished by, among other things, the use of balanced Lito-SO2 ratio and greater electrode area. The main hazard factors in high rate lithium cells are the deposition of very reactive high surface area lithium during reversal and charging abuses (6-8).The calcium-thionyl chloride system has recently attracted attention, as a safer alternative to lithium high rate cells (9-17). Encouraging electrical performance was obtained for cells of various sizes -between 3.5 and 2000 Ah -containing LiAIC14 electrolyte (15)(16)(17).Recent studies in our laboratory, with the use of small laboratory cells (10 cm 2 electrode area) containing Ca(AICI~)2 electrolyte, have shown (9-12) good electrical performance and much better safety characteristics. Unlike lithium cells or the Ca/LiA1C14-TC cell, the Ca/Ca(A1C14)2-TC cell successfully resists charging and reversal abuses (9-12). It behaves like an "electrochemical diode" (11, 12), Le., it delivers high current densities (up to ) unless CC License in place (see abstract). ecsdl.org/site/terms_use address. Redistribution subject to ECS terms of use (see 137.99.31.134 Downloaded on 2015-06-01 to IP Vol. 131,No. 10 Ca/Ca(A1C14)2--THIONYL CHLORIDE CELL

Achievements, Challenges, and Prospects of Calcium Batteries

“…Staniewicz was the first to report on the electrochemistry of Ca–SOCl 2 as an alternative to the Li–SOCl 2 primary cells, again a battery technology mainly used for military applications, and presented the impossibility of calcium plating upon cell reversal as a safety advantage . Further studies by Peled et al attributed this feature to the formation of a passivation layer consisting mainly of CaCl 2 impermeable to the Ca 2+ ions. − A similar technology with a somewhat higher operation cell potential was also developed, , but corrosion of the Ca metal electrodes was found to be an issue; the Ca–SOCl 2 cells lost ca. 10% of their capacity after only 2 weeks of storage .…”

Roadmap on multivalent batteries

“…in limestone and gypsum, (2) its redox potential (close to Li/Li + ) and (3) its volume capacity, equal to the lithium one and (4) its markedly higher melting point (T m = 842 • C) when compared to alkaline metals and magnesium, it has been prioritized as a post-lithium technology. Indeed, Peled et al reported, roughly forty years ago, the high performance of a non-rechargeable calcium battery but also the cycling issues of calcium metal, Ca 0 [150,151]. Regarding safety hazards, all-solid-state batteries, ASSB, based on inorganic materials e.g.…”

A Progress Report on Metal–Sulfur Batteries

“…Therefore, it does not form Ca dendrite upon electrochemical plating/stripping reactions when being used as a battery material. Thionyl chloride [ 44 ] and intercalation cathodes [ 45 ] have been reported to couple with the Ca‐metal anode. However, the most challenging aspects in calcium batteries are the passivation of calcium anode [ 46 ] and the lack of reliable electrolytes.…”