Calcium carbonate modified urea–formaldehyde resin adhesive for strength enhanced medium density fiberboard production

Li, Lu; Wang, Yan; Li, Tianhua; Wang, Supeng; Yang, Shoulu; Qing, Yan; Li, Xingong; Liu, Ming

doi:10.1039/d1ra04316a

Cited by 10 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…The poor performance of the UF resin likely stems from its chemical incompatibility with the keratin in feathers. UF primarily bonds with the hydroxyl groups found in wood cellulose, unlike the protein structures in feathers, which lack abundant hydroxyl groups and do not offer similar reactive sites for UF [31,49]. Even though there was a decrease in the IB values for the panels with feathers, they still met European standards (EN 312) requirements, except for panel 2.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 98%

Preparation and Characterization of Particleboard Made from Industrial-Type Wood Particles and Discarded Duck Feathers

Raydan,

Charrier,

Kowaluk

et al. 2024

J. Compos. Sci.

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Global poultry waste production is substantial, with billions of poultry raised annually for meat and egg production, resulting in significant feather waste. Conventional poultry waste disposal methods are restricted due to environmental concerns. Meanwhile, wood-composite panel industries face raw material shortages, emphasizing the need for sustainable, renewable fiber sources. In this study, in the core layer of panels, wood particles were replaced with 5 wt% clean duck feathers without pretreatment to take advantage of feather attributes like hydrophobicity, thermal insulation, and sound damping as an alternative construction material. Three adhesives—urea-formaldehyde (UF), polymeric 4,4′-diphenylmethane diisocyanate (pMDI), and polyvinyl acetate (PVAc)—were examined for resin–feather compatibility. The control panels in this study were identical but wood was not replaced with feathers. The results revealed that wood–feather particleboard with pMDI and PVAc resins meets the requirements of the relevant standard for P2 boards (where applicable) concerning their modulus of rupture (MOR: 11 N·mm−2), modulus of elasticity (MOE: 1600 N·mm−2), internal bond (IB: 0.35 N·mm−2), and screw withdrawal resistance (SWR). However, those produced with UF resin did not meet the standards for IB and MOE. Furthermore, the physical properties showed similar water resistance and thickness swelling to control panels with pMDI. Notably, substituting 5 wt% wood with feathers improved thermal insulation by approximately 10% for UF and pMDI resins. Additionally, particleboard with feathers demonstrated improved sound absorption at high frequencies, ranging from 2500 to 500 Hz, particularly with pMDI resin, approaching Class B classification according to EN ISO 11654:1997. This study identifies the higher compatibility of pMDI over PVAc and UF adhesives for feather-based composite materials in construction applications.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 98%

Preparation and Characterization of Particleboard Made from Industrial-Type Wood Particles and Discarded Duck Feathers

Raydan,

Charrier,

Kowaluk

et al. 2024

J. Compos. Sci.

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“…Additionally, the provision of mixed ammonium-nitrate nutrition to plants requires an adequate K supply to achieve increases in yield and protein content. Proper management of the pattern and chemical form of nutrient release from SRFs or CRFs can facilitate the beneficial physiological effects offered by these treatments [108]. However, the effects mentioned above require intensified attention, particularly on the field level, to assess their actual contribution, besides simply reducing nutrient losses [92].…”

Section: Impact Of Modified Urea Fertilizers On Crop Yield and Nuementioning

confidence: 99%

“…The following supporting information can be downloaded at: https: //www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/su16010188/s1. References [27,37,38,40,42,52,57,[108][109][110][111][112][113][114][115][116][117][118][119][120] are cited in the Supplementary Materials.…”

Section: Supplementary Materialsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Review: Modified Urea Fertilizers and Their Effects on Improving Nitrogen Use Efficiency (NUE)

Swify,

Mažeika,

Baltrusaitis

et al. 2023

Sustainability

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Urea has served as the primary nitrogenous fertilizer globally since the early 1950s. It is widely recognized as the most concentrated nitrogen source, containing approximately 46% nitrogen. Presently, around 220 million t/year of urea compounds are manufactured globally to fit the requirements of the agricultural sector. However, a significant drawback of this is that approximately 30–35% of the urea used in soil can be lost to the environment because of its limited effectiveness. Enhancing the efficiency of urea utilization can be achieved by regulating the release of urea-nitrogen in the soil. Numerous researchers have reported that the use of slow or controlled fertilizers can regulate the release and accumulation of nitrogen in the soil. Moreover, the augmentation of soil nitrogen levels can be accomplished by using the slow or controlled release of urea fertilizers. The regulation of the release process can play a vital role in the peril of N loss. This can be effectively alleviated by delaying the release of nitrogen in ammonium form configuration for several days. This delay functions to diminish nitrogen losses, which are caused by the rapid hydrolysis of urea, and loss by leaching or volatilization. Therefore, this review aims to comprehensively explore the use of conventional urea and various materials employed for modifying urea. It will explain the distinctions among modification processes and their respective mechanisms. This review will also discuss the pros and cons of applying slow- and controlled-release nitrogen, the impact of modified urea compounds on crop productivity, and nitrogen use efficiency (NUE).

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“…Bono et al (2006) applied 1% NH4Cl for hardening melamine ureaformaldehyde (MUF) resin and evaluated curing behavior. Lu et al (2021) produced UF resin bonded MDF using NH4Cl (1% to solid resin content) as a hardener. Atar et al (2014) reported that particles with NH4Cl present lower pH value than Al2(SO4)3 and hardener decreased pH values of wood particles with UF resin due to acid catalyzing behavior for the curing reaction of resin.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sertleştiricinin orta yoğunluklu lif levhanın bazı fiziksel ve mekanik özelliklerine etkisi

Çamlibel

Aydın

2022

Turkish Journal of Forestry | Türkiye Ormancılık Dergisi

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Effects of Ammonium chloride (NH4CI) as a hardening agent on thickness swelling (TS), water absorption (WA), screw holding resistance (SHR), Janka hardness, modulus of rupture (MOR), modulus of elasticity (MOE), and internal bonding (IB) properties of medium-density fiberboard (MDF) were evaluated. Target densities were 712 and 715 kg/m³ for hardener applied (0.75 kg/m³ solid as 10% solution (fiber dry wt.)) and unmodified factory made 18 mm thick MDF, respectively. A total of 400 samples were tested. Boards produced without hardener presented better mechanical properties except for SHR. Indeed, SHR was around 9.2% improved by hardener utilization. However, hardener utilization caused around 8.4%, 7.3%, 3.6%, and 1.3% decreases for MOE, MOR, IB, and Janka hardness, respectively. Surprisingly, soaking time caused opposite results for TS and WA. The TS and WA of the hardener utilized MDF decreased around 40.3% and 29.6% for short-term soaking (2h) but remarkable increases (around 62.4% and 20%, respectively) were observed for long-term (24h) soaking. Statistical analysis proved that there were statistically significant (P<0.05) differences between all the evaluated properties.

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Calcium carbonate modified urea–formaldehyde resin adhesive for strength enhanced medium density fiberboard production

Abstract: Reactions between CaCO3 and CH2O2 during polycondensation of UF resin produce Ca2+. Ionic bond complexation binds Ca2+ with UF resin. The UF resin crystalline percentage decreases from 26.86% to 22.71%. IB strength of resin bonded fiberboard increases from 0.75 to 0.94 MPa.

Cited by 10 publications

References 25 publications

Preparation and Characterization of Particleboard Made from Industrial-Type Wood Particles and Discarded Duck Feathers

Preparation and Characterization of Particleboard Made from Industrial-Type Wood Particles and Discarded Duck Feathers

Review: Modified Urea Fertilizers and Their Effects on Improving Nitrogen Use Efficiency (NUE)

Sertleştiricinin orta yoğunluklu lif levhanın bazı fiziksel ve mekanik özelliklerine etkisi

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