Calcium carbonate particles: synthesis, temperature and time influence on the size, shape, phase, and their impact on cell hydroxyapatite formation

Abstract

To develop materials for drug delivery and tissue engineering and to study their efficiency of with respect to ossification, it is necessary to apply physico-chemical and biological analysis. The major...

Hard, Soft, and Hard-and-Soft Drug Delivery Carriers Based on CaCO3 and Alginate Biomaterials: Synthesis, Properties, Pharmaceutical Applications

“…According to the phase transition kinetics and mechanism of CaCO 3 , the crystallization from ACC to CaCO 3 can be divided into two stages: (a) the dehydration of ACC to form vaterite; and (b) the vaterite is converted to calcite through dissolution and reprecipitation mechanisms, where the reaction rate is controlled by the surface area of calcite [ 36 , 41 ]. In addition, experimental parameters including temperature, pressure, pH of the solution, stirring method, reaction time, ion concentration and ratio, and the additives are the key factors affecting phase transition, which makes the synthesis of CCPs with desired morphologies much more achievable [ 42 , 43 , 44 , 45 ]. Noticeably, although vaterite is unstable, its spherical structure, high specific surface area, porosity, solubility, and phase-transition properties facilitate the adsorption and release of cargoes, making it a potentially attractive drug delivery carrier.…”

“…The former route is conducted in Ca 2+ -H 2 O-CO 3 2− , or Ca 2+ -R-CO 3 2− reaction system (R is an organic medium), where the solutions containing Ca 2+ and CO 3 2− are mixed under specified conditions, and then white CCNPs are precipitated owing to the solubility differences [ 42 , 43 , 49 ]. While in the latter route, an aqueous emulsion of Ca(OH) 2 is utilized as a calcium source and carbonized with CO 2 to synthesize CCNPs: this approach includes microemulsion method, biomineralization method, etc.…”

“…Different agitating methods of mixed solution, such as ultrasonic and microfluidic, were investigated as well [ 43 , 46 ]. Inspired by the described above research, Sovova et al [ 42 ] used the superiority of a special reactor, which can accurately control not only temperature, but also detect changes of ionic concentration of the solution during the reaction process to explore the influence of temperature (10–50 °C) and stirring time (5–120 min) on the morphology, size and structure of CCPs in aqueous solvents. It was also possible to obtain higher yields of the synthesis.…”

“…Both types of containers are prepared via green synthetic efficient methods based on simple salts or biopolymer mixtures via kitchenware technology. The synthesis of CaCO 3 is less controllable, and it mostly depends on the mass of the effect of crystallization [ 42 , 44 ]. The synthesis of Alg is more controllable but the size and shape of the objects depend on the facilities, such as the capillary for flow of hydrogel generation, and templates for their synthesis [ 131 , 132 ].…”

“…The synthesis of Alg is more controllable but the size and shape of the objects depend on the facilities, such as the capillary for flow of hydrogel generation, and templates for their synthesis [ 131 , 132 ]. The size and shapes of CaCO 3 particles are predetermined by the spontaneous synthesis of thermodynamically stable particles and are limited due to external conditions [ 42 , 44 ]. In turn, the fabrication of Alg particles depends on the template, enabling the synthesis of millimeter-sized capsules suited for oral delivery.…”