Calcium Chloride

Garrett, Donald E.

doi:10.1016/b978-012276152-2/50038-4

Cited by 92 publications

(94 citation statements)

References 150 publications

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“…A common application is in glass stovetops; where ordinary window-glass would shatter, lithium-bearing glass can withstand large temperature swings and rough use. In the ceramics industry, lithium is used to make porcelain enamels, glazes, and tiles; as in glassmaking, a small amount of lithium lowers the melting temperature and reduces thermal expansion in the resulting ceramic product (Garrett, 2004). Production of batteries, which currently rank second among the end uses of lithium, will likely see increased production in the next few years as the production of electric and hybrid vehicles increases.…”

Section: Uses and Sourcesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For example, the fuel tank of the NASA space shuttles used an aluminumlithium alloy (Garrett, 2004). Lithium, as lithium stearate or similar compounds, is widely used as a high-performance lubricant in automotive, aircraft, industrial, marine, and military applications (Garrett, 2004). As of 1993, 60 percent of all industrial lubricants contained lithium, typically at concentrations of 1 to 2 percent.…”

Section: Uses and Sourcesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In glassmaking (Garrett, 2004), lithium makes the process more economical by reducing the melting point and decreasing viscosity. The addition of 0.1 to 4 percent lithium oxide (Li 2 O), to various glasses increases hardness and reduces thermal expansion.…”

Section: Uses and Sourcesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Lightweight lithium-aluminum alloys have applications in the aerospace industry. For example, the fuel tank of the NASA space shuttles used an aluminumlithium alloy (Garrett, 2004). Lithium, as lithium stearate or similar compounds, is widely used as a high-performance lubricant in automotive, aircraft, industrial, marine, and military applications (Garrett, 2004).…”

Section: Uses and Sourcesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Since the 1940s, pharmaceuticals containing lithium compounds have been used to control bipolar disorder. Finally, the lighter of two lithium isotopes, 6 Li, was used in the production of tritium ( 3 H) after World War II by the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission and later by the U.S. Department of Energy in the production of nuclear weapons (Garrett, 2004).…”

Section: Uses and Sourcesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Lithium

Bradley¹,

Stillings²,

Jaskula³

et al. 2017

Professional Paper

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For more information on the USGS-the Federal source for science about the Earth, its natural and living resources, natural hazards, and the environment-visit https://www.usgs.gov or call 1-888-ASK-USGS.For an overview of USGS information products, including maps, imagery, and publications, visit https://store.usgs.gov/.Any use of trade, firm, or product names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government.Although this information product, for the most part, is in the public domain, it also may contain copyrighted materials as noted in the text. Permission to reproduce copyrighted items must be secured from the copyright owner.Suggested citation: Bradley, D.C., Stillings, L.L., Jaskula, B.W., Munk, LeeAnn, and McCauley, A.D., 2017, Lithium, chap Supplemental InformationSpecific conductance is given in microsiemens per centimeter at 25 degrees Celsius (µS/cm at 25 °C). Activities for radioactive constituents in air are given in microcuries per milliliter (µCi/mL). Concentrations of chemical constituents inDeposit grades are commonly given in percent, grams per metric ton (g/t)-which is equivalent to parts per million (ppm)-or troy ounces per short ton (oz/T).Geologic ages are expressed in mega-annum (Ma, million years before present, or 10 6 years ago) or giga-annum (Ga, billion years before present, or 10 9 years ago).For ranges of years, "to" and (or) the en dash ("-") mean "up to and including." Concentration unit Equals AbstractLithium, the lightest of all metals, is used in air treatment, batteries, ceramics, glass, metallurgy, pharmaceuticals, and polymers. Rechargeable lithium-ion batteries are particularly important in efforts to reduce global warming because they make it possible to power cars and trucks from renewable sources of energy (for example, hydroelectric, solar, or wind) instead of by burning fossil fuels. Today, lithium is extracted from brines that are pumped from beneath arid sedimentary basins and extracted from granitic pegmatite ores. The leading producer of lithium from brine is Chile, and the leading producer of lithium from pegmatites is Australia. Other potential sources of lithium include clays, geothermal brines, oilfield brines, and zeolites. Worldwide resources of lithium are estimated to be more than 39 million metric tons, which is enough to meet projected demand to the year 2100. The United States is not a major producer at present but has significant lithium resources.

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Section: Uses and Sourcesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Uses and Sourcesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Uses and Sourcesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Uses and Sourcesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Uses and Sourcesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Lithium

Bradley¹,

Stillings²,

Jaskula³

et al. 2017

Professional Paper

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Extraction and Purification of Lithium from Minerals

Wilson,

Gilligan,

Nikoloski

2024

Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology

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Demand for lithium‐ion batteries for use in electric vehicles is driving lithium demand. A large increase in demand between now and 2040 is expected due to increasing electrification of the transport and energy sectors of the economy. This is in part due to an interest in improving air quality in cities and in the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions when electricity is generated without fossil fuel combustion. Currently, the two major natural sources of lithium for use in lithium‐ion batteries are brines and hard‐rock minerals. Lithium‐bearing clays have also been investigated as a potential source of lithium. Battery recycling is another potential source. Lithium in hard‐rock minerals is predominantly found in pegmatites. Lithium‐bearing minerals that may occur in pegmatites include petalite, lepidolite, and spodumene. The latter is currently the predominant hard‐rock lithium source. Following comminution, a number of treatments or combinations of treatments can be used to produce materials suitable for the final stage of purification of lithium products. Most involve high‐ or very‐high‐temperature treatments with various reagents followed by water leaching, although a few treat lithium‐bearing feed directly with acid leaching. Other elements are co‐leached and must be separated from lithium to allow the production of high‐purity lithium carbonate or lithium hydroxide, which are then used to manufacture lithium‐ion battery cathodes.

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