Calcium chloride combined with dimethyl sulphoxide for the chemical sterilization of dogs

Silva, Renata C. A.; Paranzini, Cristiane Sella; Franco, Leandro Guimarães; Miguel, Marina Pacheco; Honsho, Cristiane dos Santos; Souza, Fabiana Ferreira de

doi:10.1111/rda.13252

Cited by 11 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…Sterilization of Male Dogs by Intra-testicular Administration of Calcium Chloride Solution fibrosis in the parenchyma which was evident by presence of numerous fibroblasts and fibrocytes. This is in accordance with the findings of Jana and Samanta (2007), Leoci et al (2014), Puri et al (2018) and Silva et al (2018) in dogs. Similar finding was also reported by Jana et al (2005) in male goat, Jana et al (2006) in albino rat, Canpolat et al (2006) in bull, Jana and Samanta (2011) in tom cat and Pereira et al (2018) in bull after chemical castration by calcium chloride.…”

Section: Fc Ncsupporting

confidence: 93%

“…Ahmed (2015) also reported similar results in dogs treated with 20% calcium chloride or clove oil. However, Silva et al (2018) reported no change in serum testosterone level after chemical sterilization of dogs using intra testicular 7.5% calcium chloride (15 mg/kg) combined with dimethyl sulphoxide. Jana et al (2002), Jana and Samanta (2006) and Das and Karmakar (2016) studied chemo-sterilization using intra-…”

Section: Serum Testosterone Assaymentioning

confidence: 98%

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Sterilization of Male Dogs by Intra-testicular Administration of Calcium Chloride Solution

Thakre¹,

Shukla²,

Mishra³

et al. 2021

IJAR

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Background: Chemical castration is one of the methods of non surgical contraception which has been suggested as a fast and low cost alternative to control a wide range of canine population.Methods: The potency of intra-testicular 20% calcium chloride solution was tested in 12 fertile, healthy and stray adult male dogs. Dogs were divided randomly into two groups, consisting six animals in each. The animals of group-I were administered intra-testicular 1.0 ml of 20% calcium chloride solution. Bilateral intra-testicular injection was performed using 21 gauge needle directed from the caudo-ventral aspect of each testis approximately 1 cm from the cauda epididymis and towards the dorso-cranial aspect of testis as per the procedure adopted by Jana and Samanta (2007). In group-II, 1.0 ml of normal saline was injected intra-testicular as placebo. Its efficacy was assessed by testicular morphometry, scrotal circumference (on day 0, 7, 15 and 30), histo-morphology (on day 0 and 30) and serum testosterone assay (on day 0, 15 and 30 of treatment).Result: The testicular morphometry of both the testicles was found to be increased size of testes significantly on day 7 in the treatment group as compared to day 0 and then decreased gradually and significantly on day 15 and 30. Histo-morphological study revealed significant changes including complete derangement of seminiferous tubules on day 30 post-treatment. Out of six animals the testes of four animals represented complete destruction of outline of seminiferous tubules. The germinal epithelium and Leydig cells were degenerated and parenchyma was replaced by fibro-collagenous tissue which was evident by the presence of numerous fibrocytes and fibroblast. There was no evidence of mature germ cells in section of both the testes. In some areas small blood capillaries were observed which may indicate neo-vascularisation. Discrete inflammatory infiltration of leucocytes was also observed in the parenchyma. Decrease in serum testosterone level after the end of study, i.e., day 30 indicated degeneration of Leydig cells. It can be concluded that 20% calcium chloride solution has a potential for testicular degeneration and thus sterilization of male dogs.

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Section: Fc Ncsupporting

confidence: 93%

Section: Serum Testosterone Assaymentioning

confidence: 98%

Sterilization of Male Dogs by Intra-testicular Administration of Calcium Chloride Solution

Thakre¹,

Shukla²,

Mishra³

et al. 2021

IJAR

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“…A single intratesticular injection that could cause the interruption of spermatogenesis would be particularly interesting for its simplicity and speed, as it could be applied to many animals in a single day without the need for specific equipment or environment. In general, zinc gluconate and calcium chloride, the most used substances for chemical castration by intratesticular injection, cause atrophy in the seminiferous tubules, disruption in spermatogenesis, fibrosis and calcification of testicular parenchyma and reduction of testicular volume, together with reduced sperm motility and low sperm count or azoospermia, leading to subfertility or infertility in male animals (Fagundes et al 2014;Vannucchi et al 2015;Silva et al 2018;Leoci et al 2019;Rafatmah, Mogheiseh, and Eshghi 2019). However, many studies report side effects in the treated animals, such as swelling, inflammation, pain, hemorrhage, necrosis and scrotal ulcerations (Levy et al 2008;Oliveira et al 2013;Forz an et al 2014;Rafatmah, Mogheiseh, and Eshghi 2019).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Acute reproductive toxicology after intratesticular injection of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) in Wistar rats

et al. 2020

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This study aimed to evaluate the effects of an intratesticular injection of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) on reproductive parameters and health of rats, and to evaluate the AgNPs biodistribution in order to develop a nanotechnological contraceptive agent for male animals. Treated animals received 220 lL of AgNPs solution (0.46 mg-Ag/ml) in each testicle and were euthanized: seven, 14, 28, and 56 days after injection. A significant decrease (p < 0.05) in the percentage of motile sperm in D7 (8.8%) was observed, comparing to the control (73.3%), D14 (86.0%), D28 (68.2%), and D56 (90.0%) groups. D7 group also presented a decrease (p < 0.05) in the percentage of normal spermatozoa. Additionally, D7 group showed an increase (p < 0.05) in abnormal midpiece and sperm head morphology compared to the Control group. Seminiferous tubules presented all germline cell types and spermatozoa for all groups. However, D7 group did not present spermatozoa in the epididymis, whereas some spermatozoa and cellular debris were visible in D14 and D28 groups. All animals presented hematological parameters, creatinine, and alanine aminotransferase values within the normal limits for Wistar rats. The percentage of silver found in the liver was always higher than in the other organs analyzed. A pioneering mathematical model is proposed, from which the half-life time of silver in the liver (17 days), spleen (23 days), lungs (30 days), and kidneys (35 days) was extracted. In conclusion, some acute and severe toxic effects were observed in sperm cells following intratesticular injection of AgNPs, although these effects were reversible. No adverse effects to general animal health were observed.

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“…Various chemical sclerotizing agents have been proposed, among them intratesticular injections of calcium chloride or zinc gluconate [63][64][65], intraepididymal injections of chlorhexidine gluconate, zinc arginine, or formalin [28,66,67], and injections of ethanol, silver nitrate, acetic acid, formalin, sodium tetradecyl sulfate, sodium morrhuate, or potassium permanganate into the vas deferens [68]. Among these methods, intratesticular injections of calcium chloride or zinc gluconate have seen limited use in private veterinary practice and particularly in shelter medicine.…”

Section: Sclerotization Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Desexing Dogs: A Review of the Current Literature

Urfer

Kaeberlein

2019

Animals

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Background: Desexing dogs is promoted for population control, preventative healthcare, and behavior modification. Common methods are orchiectomy and ovariectomy/ovariohysterectomy. GnRH superagonist implants are available in some areas. Alternative methods like vasectomy and salpingectomy/hysterectomy are uncommon. The terminology used to describe desexing is inconsistent and contradictory, showing a need for the adaption of standardized terminology. Population Control: Surprisingly, empirical studies show no effects of desexing on population control in companion and shelter dogs despite desexing being consistently recommended in the literature. There is evidence for a population control effect in free-roaming dogs, where desexing also has benefits on zoonotic disease and bite risk. Population control in free-roaming dogs is mostly correlated with female, not male desexing. Health and Lifespan: Desexing affects numerous disease risks, but studies commonly neglect age at diagnosis and overall lifespan, age being by far the most important risk factor for most diseases. We argue that lifespan is a more important outcome than ultimate cause of death. A beneficial effect of desexing on lifespan is consistently demonstrated in females, while evidence for a beneficial effect in males is inconsistent. Studies are likely biased in desexing being a proxy for better care and desexed dogs having already lived to the age of desexing. Desexing reduces or eliminates common life-limiting diseases of the female reproductive system such as pyometra and mammary tumors, while no analogous effect exists in males. Disease risks increases across sexes and breeds include cruciate ligament rupture, various cancers, and obesity. Urinary incontinence risk is increased in females only. Various other disease risk changes show considerable variability between breeds and sexes. Behavioral Effects: Desexed males show reduced libido, roaming, conspecific mounting, and urinary marking frequency, as well as reduced male dog-directed aggression in a majority of males desexed for behavioral reasons. There is a detrimental effect on the risk and progression of age-related cognitive dysfunction. Desexed dogs may be less likely to cause bite injuries across sexes. The evidence for other effects such as human-directed aggression, human or object mounting, resource guarding, or shyness and anxiety is inconsistent and contradictory. There are few studies specific to females or individual breeds. Conclusions: The evidence for a beneficial effect of desexing is stronger in female than in male dogs; however, there is significant variation between breeds and sexes, and more research is needed to further elucidate these differences and to arrive at individualized evidence-based recommendations for clinical practice.

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Calcium chloride combined with dimethyl sulphoxide for the chemical sterilization of dogs

Cited by 11 publications

References 27 publications

Sterilization of Male Dogs by Intra-testicular Administration of Calcium Chloride Solution

Sterilization of Male Dogs by Intra-testicular Administration of Calcium Chloride Solution

Acute reproductive toxicology after intratesticular injection of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) in Wistar rats

Desexing Dogs: A Review of the Current Literature

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