Calcium/Copper Alginate Framework Doped with CuO Nanoparticles as a Novel Adsorbent for Micro-extraction of Benzodiazepines from Human Serum

Abstract

Background: Sample preparation is one of the most challenging phases in pharmaceutical analysis, especially in biological matrices, affecting the whole analytical methodology. Objective: In this study, a new Ca(II)/Cu(II)/alginate/CuO nanoparticles hydrogel fiber (CCACHF) was synthesized through a simple, green procedure and applied for fiber micro solid phase extraction (FMSPE) of diazepam (DIZ) and oxazepam (OXZ) as model drugs prior to high-performance liquid chromatography-UV detection (HPLC-UV). Methods: Composition and morphology of the prepared fiber were characterized and the effect of main parameters on the fiber fabrication and extraction efficiency have been studied and optimized. Results: In optimal conditions, calibration curves were linear ranging between 0.1–500 µg L−1 with regression coefficients of 0.9938 and 0.9968. Limit of detection (LOD) (S/N=3) and limit of quantification (LOQ) (S/N=10) of the technique for DIZ and OXZ were 0.03 to 0.1 µg L−1. Within-day and between-day relative standard deviations (RSDs) for DIZ and OXZ were 6.0–12.5% and 3.3–9.4%, respectively. Conclusion: The fabricated adsorbent has been substantially employed to extraction of selected benzo-diazepines (BZDs) from human serum real specimens and the obtained recoveries were also satisfactory (82.1-109.7%).

Benzodiazepines in complex biological matrices: Recent updates on pretreatment and detection methods

“…Rahbar et al. [ 112 ] prepared green hydrogel fiber with a calcium/copper alginate framework modified by CuO nanoparticles as μ-SPE adsorbent to extract diazepam and oxazepam from human serum. The recoveries ranged from 82.1% to 109.7% due to the large surface area and higher loading efficiency after modification.…”

“…LC is a widely used analytical technique for separations based on the selectivity of components in the mixture for the stationary and mobile phases. The application of the LC method for BDZs is shown in Table S5 [ [21] , [22] , [23] , [24] , [27] , [28] , [29] , [30] , 32 , 34 , [39] , [40] , [41] , [42] , [44] , [45] , [46] , [47] , 49 , 51 , [58] , [59] , [60] , [61] , 63 , 65 , [69] , [70] , [71] , [73] , [74] , [75] , [76] , [77] , [78] , 81 , [87] , [88] , [89] , [90] , [91] , [92] , [93] , [95] , [96] , [97] , [98] , [99] , [100] , [101] , [102] , [104] , [105] , [106] , [107] , [109] , [110] , [111] , [112] , 115 , [119] , [120] , [121] , …”