The GET (guided entry of tail-anchored proteins)/TRC (transmembrane recognition complex) pathway for tail-anchored protein targeting to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) has been characterized in detail in yeast and is thought to function similarly in mammals, where the orthologue of the central ATPase, Get3, is known as TRC40 or Asna1. Get3/TRC40 function requires an ER receptor, which in yeast consists of the Get1/ Get2 heterotetramer and in mammals of the WRB protein (tryptophan-rich basic protein), homologous to yeast Get1, in combination with CAML (calcium-modulating cyclophilin ligand), which is not homologous to Get2. To better characterize the mammalian receptor, we investigated the role of endogenous WRB and CAML in tail-anchored protein insertion as well as their association, concentration, and stoichiometry in rat liver microsomes and cultured cells. Functional proteoliposomes, reconstituted from a microsomal detergent extract, lost their activity when made with an extract depleted of TRC40-associated proteins or of CAML itself, whereas in vitro synthesized CAML and WRB together were sufficient to confer insertion competence to liposomes. CAML was found to be in ϳ5-fold excess over WRB, and alteration of this ratio did not inhibit insertion. Depletion of each subunit affected the levels of the other one; in the case of CAML silencing, this effect was attributable to destabilization of the WRB transcript and not of WRB protein itself. These results reveal unanticipated complexity in the mutual regulation of the TRC40 receptor subunits and raise the question as to the role of the excess CAML in the mammalian ER.Whereas most membrane proteins are targeted to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) 3 by the signal recognition particle-dependent co-translational mechanism (1, 2), tail-anchored (TA) membrane proteins are inserted into all their target membranes, including the ER, by post-translational pathways (for review see Refs. 3-5). The inability of TA proteins to utilize the co-translational route is due to the location of their sole targeting determinant, the transmembrane domain (TMD), at their extreme C terminus, such that it becomes accessible to cytosolic targeting factors only after release of the completed polypeptide chain from the ribosome. Because TA proteins are numerous (6), play fundamental physiological roles (e.g. as SNAREs and apoptosis regulating factors; Ref.3), and are present in all domains of life (7), a great deal of research has been dedicated to the elucidation of the mechanisms by which they reach and insert into their target membranes. On the basis of studies in cell-free mammalian systems (8, 9) and of in vitro and in vivo investigations in yeast (10), a novel system operating in the delivery of TA proteins to the ER membrane was identified and extensively characterized (for review, see Refs. 11 and 12). This system is centered around a cytosolic P-type ATPase, named Get3 (guided entry of tailanchored proteins) in yeast and TRC40 (transmembrane domain recognition complex subunit of 40...