Calcium montmorillonite and montmorillonite with hydroxyapatite layer as fillers in dental composites with remineralizing potential

Alumina and Zirconia-Reinforced Polyamide PA-12 Composites for Biomedical Additive Manufacturing

“…This phenomenon applies to all filler groups (organic and inorganic), shapes (nanorods, whiskers, and spheres), and sizes (nanometric to micrometric) [ 29 , 30 ]. A solution to the problem of heterogeneous filler dispersion in a polymer matrix is to modify the filler surface [ 31 , 32 , 33 , 34 ]. Some active groups (OH–, COOH–, NH2–) in the modified fillers, which can react with the polymer matrix physically and/or chemically, undergo additional interactions and enhance the interfacial adhesion between the matrix and filler.…”

“…Some active groups (OH–, COOH–, NH2–) in the modified fillers, which can react with the polymer matrix physically and/or chemically, undergo additional interactions and enhance the interfacial adhesion between the matrix and filler. Modification of the filler surface ensures good wettability throughout the polymer matrix and yields a homogeneous dispersion [ 32 , 33 ]. Non-wetting between the polymer matrix and the filler is the main reason why fillers tend to form coatings on the preform surface to give a non-uniform distribution in the reinforcement because it increases the friction resistance between the filler and matrix [ 32 ].…”

“…Silanization is a type of modification often used in biomedical grade ceramics. This allows the introduction of groups involved in crosslinking onto the filler surface [ 33 ]. An example of such groups involves methacrylic moieties; these are introduced using 3-methacryloxypropyltrimethoxysilane (MPS) as the modifier, which bonds with montmorillonite via its hydroxyl and siloxane groups [ 33 ].…”

“…This allows the introduction of groups involved in crosslinking onto the filler surface [ 33 ]. An example of such groups involves methacrylic moieties; these are introduced using 3-methacryloxypropyltrimethoxysilane (MPS) as the modifier, which bonds with montmorillonite via its hydroxyl and siloxane groups [ 33 ]. The available literature provides only sporadic information on compounds used for silanization (3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTES), acetone-imine propyl trimethoxysilane (AIPTMS), 3-(methacryloyloxy)propyltrimethoxysilane (MPS), hexamethyldisilazane, mercaptopropyltrimethoxysilane (MPTMS), and Si 3 N 4 ) [ 32 , 33 , 35 , 36 , 37 , 38 ].…”

2D Silicate Materials for Composite Polymer Electrolytes

“…[75] According to the Lewis acid-base theory, the silicate fillers could also interact with the Li salt, which not only facilitates the dissociation of Li salt, [76] improves the ionic conductivity, [51] but also enhances the ionic transference number. Particularly, the surface of 2D silicates often has negative charges, [51,[77][78][79] which could facilitate the dissociation of Li salt, promote lithium ions to get rid of polymer chains, accelerate the movement of lithium ions and increase the transference number. The density functional theory (DFT) calculations [80] indicated that the surface of MMT had a low lithium ion diffusion barrier, which promoted the rapid migration of lithium ions [81] (Figure 3a).…”