Calcium oxalate trihydrate phase control by structurally-specific carboxylic acids

Simultaneous formation of calcium oxalate (mono-, di-, and trihydrate) induced by potassium tartrate in gelatinous system

“…It was reported in a previous study [17] that only linear molecules with a spacing between carboxylate groups of approximately three C-C bond lengths, i.e., the propane spacing, were able to inhibit COM formation and to favor COT or COD. Because tartrate dianion (tart 2À ) has a linear structure with a carboxylate group spacing of three C-C bond lengths, it is able to inhibit the formation of COM and to favor the growth of COT or COD crystals.…”

The effects of silica and sugar on the crystallographic and morphological properties of calcium oxalate

“…It was shown that the rate of dissolution of COD was greatly reduced by the adsorption of surfactants on COD crystal faces, which in turn reduced the rate of supersaturation build-up necessary for COM crystallization. Other researchers [23,26] reported that polymeric additives were capable of promoting the nucleation of COT from supersaturated CaO x solutions at low polymer concentrations. Further increase in polymer concentration, however, would inhibit the growth of both COM and COT resulting in the precipitation of COD.…”

Interaction between Epsomite Crystals and Organic Additives

“…Prior to this, the structure of the most effective additive (in terms of crystallization inhibition, i.e., DTPMP: see below) was optimized following the methodology outlined by Ruiz-Agudo et al 29 This approach gave a crude, yet effective approximation as to whether the phosphonic acid groups in the additive would be capable of binding to at least two Mg ions in the epsomite lattice. A similar approach has been used successfully by Cody and Cody, 46 Bosbach et al, 38 and Ruiz-Agudo et al 29 It has been shown that for effective interaction between additive and crystals, the molecule of the additive has to have several functional groups. 54 Note also that additives that bind simultaneously at two surface sites will be much more effective at blocking step growth than a single ion molecule.…”