Calcium phosphate‐based coatings on titanium and its alloys

Abstract

Use of titanium as biomaterial is possible because of its very favorable biocompatibility with living tissue. Titanium implants having calcium phosphate coatings on their surface show good fixation to the bone. This review covers briefly the requirements of typical biomaterials and narrowly focuses on the works on titanium. Calcium phosphate ceramics for use in implants are introduced and various methods of producing calcium phosphate coating on titanium substrates are elaborated. Advantages and disadvantages of each type of coating from the view point of process simplicity, cost-effectiveness, stability of the coatings, coating integration with the bone, cell behavior, and so forth are highlighted. Taking into account all these factors, the efficient method(s) of producing these coatings are indicated finally.

Organic–Inorganic Surface Modifications for Titanium Implant Surfaces

“…These surface modifications mainly included mechanical methods such as machining (19,20), grinding, polishing (21) and blasting (22,23), and chemical methods such as acid etching (24,25), alkali etching (26,27) and anodization (28,29) to alter the topography of the titanium surface. Another approach towards the creation of a biologically active implant surface involves the application of an additional coating onto the titanium surface by means of physicochemical and biochemical deposition techniques (30,31). In the following sections an overview will be given of the physicochemical and biochemical methods to provide titanium with components of the ECM as a surface coating aimed at implant fixation within living bone tissue.…”

Medical Application of Calcium Orthophosphate Bioceramics

“…Furthermore, multi-walled carbon nanotubes can be functionalized by deposition of calcium orthophosphate coatings [536]. The list of most important coating techniques is comprised in Table 5, while the main advantages and drawbacks of each coating technique, as well as the major properties of the deposed calcium orthophosphates, are discussed in details elsewhere [194,240,295,525,526,[537][538][539][540][541][542][543][544][545][546][547][548][549][550][551]. Unfortunately, none of these methods is able to provide the perfect covering because each coating always contains cracks, pores, second phases and residual stresses that reduced their durability and might lead to a partial or complete disintegration of the coating in body fluids.…”

Biomimetic Hydroxyapatite Deposition on Titanium Oxide Surfaces for Biomedical Application

“…Except for that, these ions could play their pharmaceutical functions at the same time. Biomimietic methods for coating deposition involve mild conditions similar to those characteristic of biological environments, and allow deposition of CaP coatings on many different objects, such as metal surfaces, sponges, cements and fixation rods [70]. This is suitable for preparing the biomimetic ion substituted HA (iHA) on titanium oxide surfaces.…”

“…Calcium phosphate based coatings on titanium implants are now accepted to be suitable for enhancing bone formation around implants, to contribute to cementless fixation and thus to improve clinical success at an early stage after implantation [70]. Narayanan and Kim et al summarized the interface reactions as following five steps [70].…”