Calcium Phosphate Cements: Chemistry, Properties, and Applications

Chow, Laurence C.

doi:10.1557/proc-599-27

Cited by 91 publications

(111 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…CPC contains micrometer-sized micropores after forming hydroxyapatite [7]. The total porosity including the intrinsic niicropores and macropores from fiber dissolution.…”

Section: Mrcliunicul Testing Cind Di~nsitj Nieasurenirtitmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The CPC powder can be mixed with water to form a thick paste that can be sculpted during surgery to conform to the defects in hard tissues, and then sets in situ to form hydroxyapatite [7]. A major disadvantage of current orthopaedic implant materials is that they exist in a hardened form, requiring the surgeon to fit the surgical site around the implant or to carve the graft to the desired shape.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Self‐hardening calcium phosphate composite scaffold for bone tissue engineering

Simon

2004

Journal Orthopaedic Research

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Calcium phosphate cement (CPC) sets in situ to form solid hydroxyapatite, can conform to complex cavity shapes without machining, has excellent osteoconductivity, and is able to be resorbed and replaced by new bone. Therefore, CPC is promising for craniofacial and orthopaedic repairs. However, its low strength and lack of macroporosity limit its use. This study investigated CPC reinforcement with absorbable fibers, the effects of fiber volume fraction on mechanical properties and macroporosity, and the cytotoxicity of CPC–fiber composite. The rationale was that large‐diameter absorbable fibers would initially strengthen the CPC graft, then dissolve to form long cylindrical macropores for colonization by osteoblasts. Flexural strength, work‐of‐fracture (toughness), and elastic modulus were measured vs. fiber volume fraction from 0% (CPC Control without fibers) to 60%. Cell culture was performed with osteoblast‐like cells, and cell viability was quantified using an enzymatic assay. Flexural strength (mean ± SD; n == 6) of CPC with 60% fibers was 13.5 ± 4.4 MPa, three times higher than 3.9 ± 0.5 MPa of CPC Control. Work‐of‐fracture was increased by 182 times. Long cylindrical macropores 293 ± 46 μm in diameter were created in CPC after fiber dissolution, and the CPC–fiber scaffold reached a macroporosity of 55% and a total porosity of 81%. The new CPC–fiber formulation supported cell adhesion, proliferation and viability. The method of using large‐diameter absorbable fibers in bone graft for mechanical properties and formation of long cylindrical macropores for bone ingrowth may be applicable to other tissue engineering materials. Published by Elsevier Ltd. on behalf of Orthopuedic Research Society. © 2003 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

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“…CPC contains micrometer-sized micropores after forming hydroxyapatite [7]. The total porosity including the intrinsic niicropores and macropores from fiber dissolution.…”

Section: Mrcliunicul Testing Cind Di~nsitj Nieasurenirtitmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Self‐hardening calcium phosphate composite scaffold for bone tissue engineering

Simon

2004

Journal Orthopaedic Research

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“…During this period, the setting reactions proceeded at a near-constant rate, suggesting that the reaction rate was limited by factors that are unrelated to the amounts of the starting materials and the reaction products present in the system. Such factors could be related to the surface area of DCPA or TTCP or to the diffusion distances over which the calcium and orthophosphate ions should migrate to form CDHA [165][166][167]. At ~24 h, the crystals are completely formed, being very compacted in some areas of high density, and well separated in areas with more porosity [130,135,136].…”

Section: General Information and Knowledgementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Therefore, the only remaining fact is that the hardened formulations are brittle and hence worthless for load-bearing applications [4,5]. (1) and (4)- (6)] and at near the physiological pH, which might additionally contribute to the high biocompatibility [165][166][167]. Namely, for the classical formulation by Brown and Chow, the transmission electron microscopy results suggested the process for early-stage apatite formation as follows: when TTCP and DCPA powders were mixed in an orthophosphate-containing solution, TTCP powder quickly dissolved due to its higher solubility in acidic media.…”

Section: Apatite-forming Formulationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Self-Setting Calcium Orthophosphate Formulations

Dorozhkin¹

2012

Calcium Orthophosphates

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Abstract:In early 1980s, researchers discovered self-setting calcium orthophosphate cements, which are bioactive and biodegradable grafting bioceramics in the form of a powder and a liquid. After mixing, both phases form pastes, which set and harden forming either a non-stoichiometric calcium deficient hydroxyapatite or brushite. Since both of them are remarkably biocompartible, bioresorbable and osteoconductive, self-setting calcium orthophosphate formulations appear to be promising bioceramics for bone grafting. Furthermore, such formulations possess excellent molding capabilities, easy manipulation and nearly perfect adaptation to the complex shapes of bone defects, followed by gradual bioresorption and new bone formation. In addition, reinforced formulations have been introduced, which might be described as calcium orthophosphate concretes. The discovery of self-setting properties opened up a new era in the medical application of calcium orthophosphates and many commercial trademarks have been introduced as a result. Currently such formulations are widely used as synthetic bone grafts, with several advantages, such as pourability and injectability. Moreover, their low-temperature setting reactions and intrinsic porosity allow loading by drugs, biomolecules and even cells for tissue engineering purposes. In this review, an insight into the self-setting calcium orthophosphate formulations, as excellent bioceramics suitable for both dental and bone grafting applications, has been provided.

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“…CPCs are subsequently osteointegrated into the bone structure after implantation in bone defects and can be molded or injected during surgery (Habibovic and Barralet, 2011). However, the degradable time of CPC seems to be too slow to match the formation of new bone (Shindo et al, 1993;Friedman et al, 1998;Chow, 2000).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Delivering MC3T3-E1 cells into injectable calcium phosphate cement through alginate-chitosan microcapsules for bone tissue engineering

Qiao

Dong

et al. 2014

J. Zhejiang Univ. Sci. B

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Abstract:Objective: To deliver cells deep into injectable calcium phosphate cement (CPC) through alginate-chitosan (AC) microcapsules and investigate the biological behavior of the cells released from microcapsules into the CPC. Methods: Mouse osteoblastic MC3T3-E1 cells were embedded in alginate and AC microcapsules using an electrostatic droplet generator. The two types of cell-encapsulating microcapsules were then mixed with a CPC paste. MC3T3-E1 cell viability was investigated using a Wst-8 kit, and osteogenic differentiation was demonstrated by an alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity assay. Cell attachment in CPC was observed by an environment scanning electron microscopy. Results: Both alginate and AC microcapsules were able to release the encapsulated MC3T3-E1 cells when mixed with CPC paste. The released cells attached to the setting CPC scaffolds, survived, differentiated, and formed mineralized nodules. Cells grew in the pores concomitantly created by the AC microcapsules in situ within the CPC. At Day 21, cellular ALP activity in the AC group was approximately four times that at Day 7 and exceeded that of the alginate microcapsule group (P<0.05). Pores formed by the AC microcapsules had a diameter of several hundred microns and were spherical compared with those formed by alginate microcapsules. Conclusions: AC microcapsule is a promising carrier to release seeding cells deep into an injectable CPC scaffold for bone engineering.

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Calcium Phosphate Cements: Chemistry, Properties, and Applications

Cited by 91 publications

References 19 publications

Self‐hardening calcium phosphate composite scaffold for bone tissue engineering

Self‐hardening calcium phosphate composite scaffold for bone tissue engineering

Self-Setting Calcium Orthophosphate Formulations

Delivering MC3T3-E1 cells into injectable calcium phosphate cement through alginate-chitosan microcapsules for bone tissue engineering

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