Calcium phosphate granules recovered from black water treatment: A sustainable substitute for mined phosphorus in soil fertilization

Cunha, Jorge Ricardo; Schott, Chris; Weijden, Renata D. van der; Leal, Lucía Hernández; Zeeman, G.; Buisman, C.J.N.

doi:10.1016/j.resconrec.2020.104791

Cited by 31 publications

(20 citation statements)

References 44 publications

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“… 45 This P content is already close to the P content of calcium phosphate granules recovered from black water in a UASB reactor after the removal of 29% organic components by incineration. 46 The P content of our recovered solids will be even higher if incineration is applied. However, in light of the satisfied P contents, the energy-intensive incineration process is not required.…”

Section: Results and Discussionmentioning

confidence: 93%

Electrochemical Recovery of Phosphorus from Acidic Cheese Wastewater: Feasibility, Quality of Products, and Comparison with Chemical Precipitation

Yang

Zhan

Saakes³

et al. 2021

ACS EST Water

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The recovery of phosphorus (P) from high-strength acidic waste streams with high salinity and organic loads is challenging. Here, we addressed this challenge with a recently developed electrochemical approach and compared it with the chemical precipitation method via NaOH dosing. The electrochemical process recovers nearly 90% of P (∼820 mg/L) from cheese wastewater in 48 h at 300 mA with an energy consumption of 64.7 kWh/kg of P. With chemical precipitation, >86% of P was removed by NaOH dosing with a normalized cost of 1.34–1.80 euros/kg of P. The increase in wastewater pH caused by NaOH dosing triggered the formation of calcium phosphate sludge instead of condensed solids. However, by electrochemical precipitation, the formed calcium phosphate is attached to the electrode, allowing the subsequent collection of solids from the electrode after treatment. The collected solids are characterized as amorphous calcium phosphate (ACP) at 200 mA or a precipitation pH of ≥9. Otherwise, they are a mixture of ACP and hydroxyapatite. The products have sufficient P content (≤14%), of which up to 85% was released within 30 min in 2% citric acid and a tiny amount of heavy metals compared to phosphate rocks. This study paves the way for applying electrochemical removal and recovery of phosphorus from acidic P-rich wastewater and offers a sustainable substitute for mined phosphorus.

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Section: Results and Discussionmentioning

confidence: 93%

Electrochemical Recovery of Phosphorus from Acidic Cheese Wastewater: Feasibility, Quality of Products, and Comparison with Chemical Precipitation

Yang

Zhan

Saakes³

et al. 2021

ACS EST Water

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“…However, in most cases, the stripping of N is done only at higher concentrations and from solutions that are relatively clean, like UASB effluent [16]. Producing blackwater with higher COD, N and P concentrations is beneficial for all anaerobic treatment and subsequent post treatment for recovery [17]. The energy (methane) produced during anaerobic treatment depends on the COD concentration of the blackwater.…”

Section: Opportunities For Increased Resource Recovery From Toilet Wastewatermentioning

confidence: 99%

Practical Performance and User Experience of Novel DUAL-Flush Vacuum Toilets

Todt¹,

Bisschops²,

Chatzopoulos³

et al. 2021

Water

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Vacuum toilets have gained increasing attention in circular urban development projects, because of their marked water saving qualities compared to conventional flush toilets and the increased resource recovery potential for energy in the form of biogas and phosphorous as, e.g., struvite from the resulting concentrated wastewater. A further reduction of the flushing volume of vacuum toilets would also bring nitrogen recovery options in reach. In the framework of the EU Horizon 2020 project Run4Life, a novel dual-flush vacuum toilet was developed and tested at two sites and combined with an analysis of the flushing patterns and a qualitative user survey. The results show that a 25–50% lower flushing water consumption and accordingly 1.5–2 times higher nutrient concentrations are achievable with this novel type of vacuum toilet. The usage frequency of the dual flush feature was higher in residential homes than in an office building, which also had urinals installed at the men toilets. A notable fraction of toilet visits in which the toilet was flushed twice as well as user feedback on dissatisfactory cleaning effects suggest that the applied reduction in water use is most likely the upper limit of what can be achieved in this type of toilet.

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“…The simplest of these include the precipitation methods, and the most often used precipitating agents are calcium compounds 11 . The sludge formed upon precipitation is rich in calcium phosphates to be used as a raw material for the production of mineral fertilizers 12 , which inscribes into the phosphorus recycling strategy. However, this method’s drawbacks include the necessity of using a precipitating agent, wastewater salinity, and a relatively low process efficiency.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Recovery of phosphorus as soluble phosphates from aqueous solutions using chitosan hydrogel sorbents

Jóźwiak

Kowalkowska

Filipkowska

et al. 2021

Sci Rep

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This manuscript presents new method of phosphorus recovery from aqueous solutions in a convenient form of readily-soluble phosphates using chitosan hydrogels. Non-modified chitosan hydrogel granules (CHs) and chitosan hydrogel granules crosslinked with epichlorohydrin (CHs-ECH) served as orthophosphate ion carriers. The developed method was based on cyclic sorption/desorption of orthophosphates, with desorption performed in each cycle to the same solution (the concentrate). The concentrations of orthophosphates obtained in the concentrates depended on, i.a., sorbent type, sorption pH, source solution concentration, and desorption pH. Phosphorus concentrations in the concentrates were even 30 times higher than these in the source solutions. The maximum concentrate concentrations reached 332.0 mg P-PO4/L for CHs and 971.6 mg P-PO4/L for CHs-ECH. The experimental series with CHs-ECH were characterized by higher concentrations of the obtained concentrate, however the concentrates were also more contaminated with Cl− and Na+ ions compared to series with CHs. The high content of chlorine and sodium ions in the concentrates was also favored by the low pH of sorption (pH < 4) and very high pH of desorption (pH > 12) in the cycles. After concentrate evaporation, phosphorus content in the sediment ranged from 17.81 to 19.83% for CHs and from 16.04 to 17.74% for CHs-ECH.

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Calcium phosphate granules recovered from black water treatment: A sustainable substitute for mined phosphorus in soil fertilization

Cited by 31 publications

References 44 publications

Electrochemical Recovery of Phosphorus from Acidic Cheese Wastewater: Feasibility, Quality of Products, and Comparison with Chemical Precipitation

Electrochemical Recovery of Phosphorus from Acidic Cheese Wastewater: Feasibility, Quality of Products, and Comparison with Chemical Precipitation

Practical Performance and User Experience of Novel DUAL-Flush Vacuum Toilets

Recovery of phosphorus as soluble phosphates from aqueous solutions using chitosan hydrogel sorbents

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