Calculated Iodine Intake before and after Simulated lodization (Dutch Nutrition Surveillance System)

Brussaard, J. H.; Hulshof, K.F.A.M.; Löwik, M.R.H.

doi:10.1159/000177847

Cited by 8 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 4 publications

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“…In agreement with other simulation studies (Brussaard et al, 1995;Firth et al, 1998;Raulio et al, 2001;Suojanen et al, 2002) the simulated intake of phytosterols/-stanols was calculated as follows:…”

Section: Simulation Proceduressupporting

confidence: 80%

Potential intake of phytosterols/-stanols: results of a simulation study

et al. 2004

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Background: Different doses of phytosterols/-stanols up to a maximum of 4.0 g/day have been used in human safety studies, whereas only one small-scale study investigated some detailed clinical information about consumption levels exceeding 8.6 g/ day.Objective: To determine which population groups are likely to be at risk of excessive intakes if liberal enrichment of foods with phytosterols/-stanols will be allowed. Design and subjects: Cross-sectional study among a representative sample (n¼23 106) of the Dutch population, aged 20-60 y (MORGEN-project, 1993(MORGEN-project, -1997. Phytosterol/-stanol intake was assessed with virtual replacement of one to four ordinary foods in the diet with enriched products. Percentile values were used to describe the distribution in simulated intake for different groups in the population, varying in sociodemographic and health characteristics. Multiple linear regression was used to describe the contribution of the different population characteristics to the simulated phytosterol/-stanol intake. Results: If three commonly consumed products (margarine, cheese, yoghurt) were completely replaced, the median daily phytosterol/-stanol intake will be about 5.5 g in men and 4.6 g in women. In males, the intake above the 90th percentile will exceed 8.6 g/day. Women will approach this level. Especially, age, body mass index, socioeconomic status, subjective health, smoking behaviour, alcohol consumption, pregnancy (women) and high cholesterol level (men) contributed to the variance in the simulated intake (Po0.05), although the total explained variance was low (1-3%). Conclusions: If liberal phytosterol/-stanol fortification is allowed, the daily intake might exceed the recommended intake level as well as our 'cutoff' level of 8.6 g/day. Postlaunch monitoring to identify consumers and real intake levels, refinement of scenario buiding, as well as human safety studies for levels above 8.6 g/day are necessary.

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Section: Simulation Proceduressupporting

confidence: 80%

Potential intake of phytosterols/-stanols: results of a simulation study

et al. 2004

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“…In Denmark, the median daily intake of iodine was in the range of 85 -168 mg in different groups of the population 29 . The daily intake of iodine has been calculated in several studies in The Netherlands and found to be in the range of 85 -293 mg 34 . The mean intake of iodine is calculated to be approximately 340 mg day 21 in Finland 31 and 119 mg day 21 in Germany 35 .…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

The iodine content of Norwegian foods and diets

Dahl¹,

Johansson

Julshamn³

et al. 2004

Public Health Nutr.

135

127

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Objectives: To examine dietary iodine sources and to estimate the dietary iodine intake of the Norwegian population. Design: Food iodine analyses carried out in Norway during the last 10 years were compiled, and iodine intake calculated on the basis of food intake data from nationwide dietary surveys among children and adults. The food intake of adults was measured by a self-administrated food-frequency questionnaire, which covered habitual diet during the past year. The food intake of children was measured by dietary record during four consecutive days. Setting: Neither household nor industrial iodisation of salt is mandatory in Norway, but some brands of table salt have 5 mg of iodine added per gram of NaCl. In spite of this, the population has been considered iodine-replete for decades, i.e. having an iodine intake well above the Recommended Dietary Allowance of 150 mg day 21. This assumption has not been substantiated by dietary surveys. Subjects: The adults included 1374 females and 1298 males aged 16 -79 years. The children included 185 girls and 206 boys aged 4 years, 411 girls and 404 boys aged 9 years, and 517 girls and 492 boys aged 13 years. Results: The calculated iodine intake was in the range of 100-250 mg day 21 in the majority of the adult population. The mean iodine intake was 136 mg day 21(170 mg I/10 MJ) among women and 176 mg day 21 (161 mg I/10 MJ) among men. For children the iodine intake was in the range of 100-120 mg day 21. Milk and dairy products contributed approximately 55% and 70% of the dietary iodine intake in adults and children, respectively. Fish contributed more than 20% of the iodine intake in adults and about 10% in children. The iodine contribution of drinking water was negligible. Conclusions: While fish has the highest natural concentration of iodine and as such is an excellent iodine source, milk and diary products are the main determinants of iodine intake in the Norwegian population. Iodisation of cow fodder has been mandatory in Norway since 1950 and provides an efficient alternative to universal salt iodisation. Our results show that the dietary iodine intake of adults is in the range considered to be sufficient. The dietary intake of iodine was at recommended levels among the youngest children; however, it decreased among adolescents, especially among girls.

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“…In light of the finding in this study that 99% of subjects would be willing to make small changes to their lifestyle if found to be deficient, it is anticipated that the introduction of legislation for bread fortification would be well accepted. The effectiveness of bread has been demonstrated overseas by Brussaard and coworkers as well as in Tasmania 21–23 …”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 94%