Calculating the Inrush Current of Superconducting Transformers

Komarzyniec, G.

doi:10.3390/en14206714

Cited by 4 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 48 publications

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“…In recent years, there have been several articles [10][11][12][13][14][15] that have described the transition of superconducting tapes in HTS transformer windings from superconducting to resistive during a short-circuit. In the literature, there are also works presenting methods of calculating the switching current in superconducting transformers [15][16][17][18][19][20]. The experimental results of the current waveforms of superconducting transformers for the operational short-circuit are presented in [10][11][12]15], while for the process of connecting to the network, see studies [15,16,19,20].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In the literature, there are also works presenting methods of calculating the switching current in superconducting transformers [15][16][17][18][19][20]. The experimental results of the current waveforms of superconducting transformers for the operational short-circuit are presented in [10][11][12]15], while for the process of connecting to the network, see studies [15,16,19,20]. In particular, studies in [10,11] present some HTS transformer prototypes with extended fault withstanding time and improved fault current limiting behaviour.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Influence of the HTS Winding Tape on Limiting the Transient Currents in Superconducting Transformers

Surdacki

Woźniak

2022

Energies

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The article presents an extended computer model of a HTS (high temperature superconducting) 21 MVA 70/10.5 kV transformer with severalfold compound windings, based on a verified PSpice model of 10 kVA transformer with single windings. Two superconducting tapes: SCS12050 (with a copper stabiliser layer) and SF12050 (without a stabiliser) were used in the windings. The circuit model of the transformer developed in the PSpice environment considers Rhyner’s power law and the Jiles–Atherton description of the magnetic hysteresis loop. Two types of transient states were analysed: switching on a superconducting transformer to the network and an emergency short-circuit of the secondary winding. For the first five unidirectional current pulses generated when connecting an unloaded transformer to the network, the values of the pulse duration (γ angle), the temperature increase in the primary winding as well as the mean and effective values of the switch-on current were calculated. The waveforms of currents, voltages, changes in resistance and temperature during the operation short-circuit were compared for the windings with both types of HTS 2G (high temperature superconductor second generation) tapes. The conducted analysis allowed us to determine the influence of electrical and thermal parameters of the tapes in question on the effective limitation of current in transient states and the possibility of their use in the construction of superconducting transformer windings.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Influence of the HTS Winding Tape on Limiting the Transient Currents in Superconducting Transformers

Surdacki

Woźniak

2022

Energies

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“…In Ref. [11], a method for calculating the inrush current of superconducting transformers was proposed, and the accuracy of the calculation results was verified by experiments. Refs.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Analysis of the Electromechanical Characteristics of Power Transformer under Different Residual Fluxes

Zhang

Xie

et al. 2021

Energies

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When the electromagnetic transients occur in a power transformer, an inrush current is generated in its winding. The inrush current not only affects the performance of the transformer windings, but also affects the lifetime of the transformer. Many factors affect the inrush current, the most influential ones among which are the closing phase angle and the residual flux. In this paper, a dry-type transformer simulation model is built to analyze the influence of the inrush current on the performance of transformer windings during no-load reclosing conditions. Firstly, the inrush current was generated in the transformer windings during the no-load reclosing operation under different residual fluxes. Secondly, the field-circuit coupling 3d finite element method is used to analyze the electromagnetic force at different locations of the transformer windings under the influence of different inrush currents. The results of winding structural parameter variations are obtained through electromagnetic-structural coupling simulation, and the electromagnetic forces are used as the input parameter for the structural analysis. Finally, the residual flux is generated by controlling the opening and closing angle of the transformer through the phase-controlled switch, and the winding electromechanical characteristics are tested under different residual fluxes. Finally, comparisons of the test and simulation results are drawn to verify the impact of the closing angle and residual flux on inrush current and the winding deformation during the no-load reclosing conditions.

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“…where, 𝑓 is frequency, 𝐼 𝑐 is critical current, 𝐶 is ratio between the superconductor cross section and the total tape cross section, 𝐵 𝑃 is the full penetration flux density, 𝐴 𝑐 is the total tape cross section, 𝐵 𝑐 is the critical field, 𝐾 is geometrical parameter, 𝑤 is the tape width, 𝑞 𝑐𝑙 is the specific thermal income per unit current and considered to be 45 kW/kA [15], 𝐼 𝐿𝑉 is current at low voltage side, 𝐼 𝐻𝑉 is the current at high voltage side (in kA), 𝜆 𝑡ℎ is thermal conductivity of cryostat, 𝑡ℎ 𝑖𝑛𝑠 is the thermal insulation thickness, 𝐴 𝑐𝑟 is the cryostat surface, 𝐺 𝑓𝑒 is the weight of the core, and 𝑐 𝑝 is the loss per unit weight of ferromagnetic material that is considered to be 1.4 W/kg [15]. When HTS transformer is firstly energized, a massive current would be drawn from the power network known as the inrush current [16]. This current is a massive current similar to fault and its impact on transformer must be studied.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…where, 𝑁 is the number of turns in energized winding (here is low voltage (LV) side), 𝐴 𝑚𝑡𝑤 is the mean area of energized winding, and 𝑍 𝑤 is the height of the same winding. After that, the angle of core saturation instance (𝜉 𝑐 ) is calculated as equation ( 21) [16]:…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Role of Insulation Materials and Cryogenic Coolants on Fault Performance of MW-Scale Fault-Tolerant Current-Limiting Superconducting Transformers

Yazdani-Asrami

Sadeghi

Seyyedbarzegar

et al. 2023

IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond.

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Fault-Tolerant Current-Limiting (FTCL) High Temperature Superconducting (HTS) transformers are promising components for playing a role in renewable energy integrated modern power systems. In this paper, the impact of different insulation materials and cryogenic fluids on the electro-thermal characteristic of a MW-scale FTCL-HTS transformer is investigated. For this purpose, an Equivalent Circuit Model (ECM) is established to characterize the temperature, recovery time, and fault tolerability of FTCL-HTS transformer under different conditions. The proposed ECM is firstly validated using experimental results of a typical HTS transformer. After that the model is developed for a 50 MVA, 132 kV/13.8 kV HTS transformer. In order to add fault tolerance capability to the 50 MVA HTS transformer, three strategies were considered in this paper. In the first strategy, the effect of three insulation materials (including Kapton tapes, Nomex papers, and Acrylated Urethane solid insulation) covering HTS tapes was investigated on fault performance. The second strategy was changing cryogenic fluid to liquid hydrogen instead of liquid nitrogen. As for the last strategy, the impacts of thickness and material properties of stabilizer in HTS tape were investigated on the maximum temperature and recovery time of HTS transformer. Results show that by using these strategies, the maximum temperature of HTS tape of transformer winding under a short circuit fault was reduced.

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Calculating the Inrush Current of Superconducting Transformers

Cited by 4 publications

References 48 publications

Influence of the HTS Winding Tape on Limiting the Transient Currents in Superconducting Transformers

Influence of the HTS Winding Tape on Limiting the Transient Currents in Superconducting Transformers

Analysis of the Electromechanical Characteristics of Power Transformer under Different Residual Fluxes

Role of Insulation Materials and Cryogenic Coolants on Fault Performance of MW-Scale Fault-Tolerant Current-Limiting Superconducting Transformers

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