Calculation and analysis of efficiencies and annual performances of Power-to-Gas systems

Frank, Elimar; Gorre, Jachin; Ruoss, Fabian; Friedl, M.

doi:10.1016/j.apenergy.2018.02.105

Cited by 48 publications

(41 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…Options to consider in such models are not only hydrogen storage, CO 2 storage and batteries, but also variable production, start‐up and shutdown of electrolysers and bio‐P2M reactors. Bioreactors cannot be stopped at will, microorganisms may be sensitive to changes in hydrogen input and the operational load may all affect the performance . Further research is needed to assess such changes and how long hydrogen supply can be interrupted.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Bioreactors cannot be stopped at will, microorganisms may be sensitive to changes in hydrogen input and the operational load may all affect the performance. 59 Further research is needed to assess such changes and how long hydrogen supply can be interrupted. A better understanding of the time dependence of renewable energy supply in terms of scale and dynamic operation is warranted, such as the impact of the frequency of switching the electrolyser on and off.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…in which _ V H2 is the nominal hydrogen production capacity (Nm 3 s −1 ), HHV the higher heating value of hydrogen (12.75 MJ Nm −3 ) and P el the electrical input power of the electrolyser (MW). 9,59 In theory, energy consumption is 12.75/3.6 = 3.54 kWh Nm −3 hydrogen. Due to conversion losses, actual energy consumption is higher and may vary from 4.5 to 8.3 kWh Nm −3 .…”

Section: Appendixmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Farm‐scale bio‐power‐to‐methane: Comparative analyses of economic and environmental feasibility

et al. 2019

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Summary Power‐to‐gas technologies are considered to be part of the future energy system, but their viability and applicability need to be assessed. Therefore, models for the viability of farm‐scale bio‐power‐to‐methane supply chains to produce green gas were analysed in terms of levelised cost of energy, energy efficiency and saving of greenhouse gas emission. In bio‐power‐to‐methane, hydrogen from electrolysis driven by surplus renewable electricity and carbon dioxide from biogas are converted to methane by microbes in an ex situ trickle‐bed reactor. Such bio‐methanation could replace the current upgrading of biogas to green gas with membrane technology. Four scenarios were compared: a reference scenario without bio‐methanation (A), bio‐methanation (B), bio‐methanation combined with membrane upgrading (C) and the latter with use of renewable energy only (all‐green; D). The reference scenario (A) has the lowest costs for green gas production, but the bio‐methanation scenarios (B‐D) have higher energy efficiencies and environmental benefits. The higher costs of the bio‐methanation scenarios are largely due to electrolysis, whereas the environmental benefits are due to the use of renewable electricity. Only the all‐green scenario (D) meets the 2026 EU goal of 80% reduction of greenhouse gas emissions, but it would require a CO2 price of 200 € t−1 to achieve the levelised cost of energy of 65 €ct Nm−3 of the reference scenario. Inclusion of the intermittency of renewable energy in the scenarios substantially increases the costs. Further greening of the bio‐methanation supply chain and how intermittency is best taken into account need further investigation.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Appendixmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Farm‐scale bio‐power‐to‐methane: Comparative analyses of economic and environmental feasibility

et al. 2019

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“…The power consumption during cold standby and for safety infrastructure is based on a 1.074 MW plant and is proportionally adjusted to each size of electrolyser assessed (Frank et al, 2018). To allow gas storage at 500 bar, H 2 is compressed requiring 2.2 kWh/kg H 2 (W comp ) (Linde, 2014).…”

Section: Power-to-hydrogen Model and Optimization Proceduresmentioning

confidence: 99%

Techno-Economic Assessment of Demand-Driven Small-Scale Green Hydrogen Production for Low Carbon Agriculture in Sweden

et al. 2020

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Wind power coupled to hydrogen (H2) production is an interesting strategy to reduce power curtailment and to provide clean fuel for decarbonizing agricultural activities. However, such implementation is challenging for several reasons, including uncertainties in wind power availability, seasonalities in agricultural fuel demand, capital-intensive gas storage systems, and high specific investment costs of small-scale electrolysers. To investigate whether on-site H2 production could be a feasible alternative to conventional diesel farming, a model was built for dynamic simulations of H2 production from wind power driven by the fuel demand of a cereal farm located on the island of Gotland, Sweden. Different cases and technological scenarios were considered to assess the effects of future developments, H2 end-use, as well as production scale on the levelised- and farmers’ equivalent annual costs. In a single-farm application, H2 production costs varied between 21.20–14.82 €/kg. By sharing a power-to-H2 facility among four different farms of 300-ha each, the specific investment costs could be significantly decreased, resulting in 28% lower H2 production costs than when facilities are not shared. By including delivery vans as additional H2 consumers in each farm, costs of H2 production decreased by 35% due to the higher production scale and more distributed demand. However, in all cases and technological scenarios assessed, projected diesel price in retailers was cheaper than H2. Nevertheless, revenues from leasing the land to wind power developers could make H2 a more attractive option even in single-farm applications as early as 2020. Without such revenues, H2 is more competitive than diesel where power-to-H2 plants are shared by at least two farms, if technological developments predicted for 2030 come true. Also, out of 20 different cases assessed, nine of them showed a carbon abatement cost lower than the current carbon tax in Sweden of 110 €/tCO2, which demonstrate the potential of power-to-H2 as an effective strategy to decarbonize agricultural systems.

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“…Based on an HTE system model calibrated by cell experiments, reference [18] described an operating state including the distribution of electric power to electrolyzer, steam generator, furnace and other auxiliaries. Reference [17] conducted a comprehensive steady-state efficiency calculation in an analytical approach for a generic P2G system considering various of modules and sub-systems. Note that the parametric study or optimization was not further discussed to improve the system performance in [18] and [17].…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Optimization of hydrogen yield of a high-temperature electrolysis system with coordinated temperature and feed factors at various loading conditions: A model-based study

et al. 2018

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High-temperature electrolysis (HTE) is a promising technology for achieving high-efficiency power-to-gas, which mitigates the renewable curtailment while promoting decarbonization by transforming wind or solar energy into fuels. Different from low-temperature electrolysis, a considerable amount of the input energy is consumed by auxiliary equipment in an HTE system for maintaining the temperature, so the studies on systematic energy description and parameter optimization of HTE are essentially required. A few published studies investigated HTE's systematic optimization based on simulation, yet there is not a commonly used analytical optimization model which is more suitable for integration with power grid. To fill in this blank, a concise analytical operation model is proposed in this paper to coordinate the necessary power consumptions of auxiliaries under various loading conditions of an HTE system. First, this paper develops a comprehensive energy flow model for an HTE system based on the fundamentals extracted from the existing work, providing a quantitative description of the impacts of condition parameters, including the temperature and the feedstock flow rates. A concise operation model is then analytically proposed to search for the optimal operating states that maximize the hydrogen yield while meeting the desired system loading power by coordinating the temperature, the feedstock flows and the electrolysis current. The evaluation of system performance and the consideration of constraints caused by energy balances and necessary stack requirements are both included. In addition, analytical optimality conditions are obtained to locate the optimal operating states without performing nonlinear programming by further investigating the optimization method. In the case study, a numerical case of an HTE system is employed to validate the proposed operation model and optimization method, 1 arXiv:1810.06439v1 [physics.app-ph]

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Calculation and analysis of efficiencies and annual performances of Power-to-Gas systems

Cited by 48 publications

References 28 publications

Farm‐scale bio‐power‐to‐methane: Comparative analyses of economic and environmental feasibility

Farm‐scale bio‐power‐to‐methane: Comparative analyses of economic and environmental feasibility

Techno-Economic Assessment of Demand-Driven Small-Scale Green Hydrogen Production for Low Carbon Agriculture in Sweden

Optimization of hydrogen yield of a high-temperature electrolysis system with coordinated temperature and feed factors at various loading conditions: A model-based study

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