Calculation of Avalanche Flow Velocity and Its Run-out Distance by the Using Mathematical Modeling and Residual Stress

Abstract

In this paper, calculation of velocity, maximum velocity, dynamic pressure of avalanche release and run-out zone distance with considering residual stress are studied. To investigate of mathematical model, we have been taken gravitational, turbulent and friction forces and residual stresses. The main findings of the study are avalanche release velocity, dynamic pressure in three zones (starting zone, track zone and run-out zone), maximum velocity of avalanche in track zone and estimating run-out avalanche distance.

Environmental dust removal from inclined hydrophobic glass surface: avalanche influence on dynamics of dust particles

“…, where h is the eddy viscosity, h is the dust lm thickness on the inclined hydrophobic surface, g is the gravitational acceleration, s is the distance along the inclined surface, and d is the inclination angle. Incorporating the data, h ¼ 1000 m s À2 , 36 h ¼ 100 mm, and d ¼ 40.5 , the avalanche velocity for s ¼ 3 cm distance on the inclined surface becomes in the order of 0.11 m s À1 , which is close to the value measured from the experiments (0.14 m s À1 for Inconel 625 or 0.12 m s À1 for zirconium oxide). The dust particle-removed hydrophobic surfaces were tested optically by measuring the UV-visible transmittance of the surfaces.…”

“…The previous formulation for the avalanche velocity can be used to predict the velocity of the dust particles when the high density particles are used. Hence, in line with the early study, 36 the avalanche velocity along the inclined surface can be written as: , where η is the eddy viscosity, h is the dust film thickness on the inclined hydrophobic surface, g is the gravitational acceleration, s is the distance along the inclined surface, and δ is the inclination angle. Incorporating the data, η = 1000 m s −2 , 36 h = 100 μm, and δ = 40.5°, the avalanche velocity for s = 3 cm distance on the inclined surface becomes in the order of 0.11 m s −1 , which is close to the value measured from the experiments (0.14 m s −1 for Inconel 625 or 0.12 m s −1 for zirconium oxide).…”

“…The previous formulation for the avalanche velocity can be used to predict the velocity of the dust particles when the high density particles are used. Hence, in line with the early study, 36 the avalanche velocity along the inclined surface can be written as:…”