Calculation of Distance Off by Two Horizontal Angles

Abstract

is right to point out the problem inherent in rule 10( j) that one of the vessels in an encounter to which the rule applies cannot be sure whether the length criterion is met or not. Clearly some amendment is desirable.R. D. Pike (2001) reminds us that there are real problems in many collision situations involving high speed craft (HSC) and of the failure of IMO to address these problems. His suggestion that fast vessels may take avoiding action, but that they should reduce speed if they come within a specified distance of another vessel, is worthy of consideration, but probably needs further development. For example, if two HSC, less than two miles apart, are proceeding on similar headings there would be little point in either of them reducing speed. Also, the establishment of routes for HSC, as has been done for example between Hong Kong and Macao, allows HSC to pass safely at much smaller distances without reducing speed. The establishment of routes to be used by HSC would also reduce the number of conflicts between HSC and slower vessels.Finally, I should draw attention to a suggestion made by R. G. Prince for addressing the problem of collision avoidance by HSC. This is to the effect that, when two vessels are approaching so as to involve risk of collision, and one of them determines that its speed is at least twice as great as the other's, then the faster vessel should take action to avoid collision. This principle has a number of advantages over other proposals that have been made for amending the COLREGS to take account of the special problems of HSC. It avoids the contentious question of how to define a HSC for the purposes of the COLREGS. It does not depend on recognition of the speed differential by the slower vessel, nor on cooperation by that vessel. If the faster vessel chooses a course not less than 30 degrees from the bearing of the slower vessel, collision will be avoided whatever action the slower vessel takes. It follows from the above, that it is only the faster of the two vessels that needs to be able to estimate the speed differential in order to apply the principle. In general, such faster vessels would have the means, such as radar or ARPA, to make such an estimate.The principle takes account of differential speed rather than actual speeds. Thus, a 15 knot freighter would be required to take action for a 5 knot yacht, a 45 knot HSC would be required to take action for a 15 knot freighter, and a 150 knot wing-inground-effect (WIG) craft would be required to take action for a 45 knot HSC. The principle could provide a legal basis for the current practice at sea, whereby HSC 146 FORUM VOL. 55 routinely and effectively take action to avoid collision with slower vessels, irrespective of their obligations under the COLREGS. It has to be said that Mr. Prince's proposal was brought to the attention of the IMO last year through an information paper submitted by Friends of the Earth International (2000) to the Sub-Committee on Safety of Navigation (NAV46) -and it went down like a lead balloon. Howe...

11. Material. Human. Divine. Notes on the Vertical Screen

“…(Figure 11.9) The choice of window was dictated not by the Biblical narrative or the beauty of the design but by the proportions of each pane of glass: 3:4 or 1:1.33, the aspect ratio of standard definition video turned on its side. 26 Each monitor plays a 12-minute video loop that reconstructs-via 35mm transparencies-a 24-hour cycle. The 'anagogical manner' promulgated by Suger, Abbot of Saint Denis-that is, the ascent from the material to the immaterial world 27 -is here braided and looped: darkness cedes to light and Gospel is birthed from the void, only for the luminosity to reach an intensity so fierce that it obliterates the image and yields a pile of blue screens at once transcendent and opaque.…”

Screen Genealogies

“…25 As Maurizio Bettini claims, it is an archetype for the recurring narratives about love portrayed-and, accordingly, about our love for portraits. 26 In his Brief History of the Shadow, Victor Stoichita describes the daughter's attempt to 'capture' the image of her lover in order to both rehearse his death and keep him 'upright' and 'alive' in a sort of erotic exorcism and propitiatory practice. Once the young man falls on the battlefield, the portrait that the father molds provides a 'duplicate' that, differently from the 'specter' on the wall, preserves in some way both a 23 Pliny the Elder, 35: 43.…”

“…If we now conceive of Schirm-Gerechtigkeit as a model for modern statehood, Benjamin and Agamben's critical point would indeed be supported. 26 The modern territorial state, if seen as following the example of Schutz und Schirm, would in fact turn out to be a regime of protection and surveillance outside of the ordinary relationship of government and obedience, law and citizenship. It would make permanent (in the form of the state) what is in the legal instrument of Schutz und Schirm in fact a private, temporary contract.…”

“…(Figure 3.6) Initially this practice was conducted without permission or by means of ad hoc exchanges with individual building owners. 26 The increasingly fierce and chaotic competition among billposters resulted in the creation of special hoardings for the posting of bills as early as the 1860s in London and Paris and by the 1870s in New York. In the later 1880s and early 1890s, trade organizations that had been formed by consolidating groups of billposters began to regulate the practice and proposed standardized display structures for urban advertisements.…”

“…25 Foucault, p. 148. introduCtion 15 because adversaries 'do not belong to a common space'. 26 Put another way, the conflict that impels something to emerge is itself a conflict between incommensurate organizations of space. Unfolding from interstices and sites of instability, an emergence redefines the relation of places to non-places.…”