I present a pedagogical review of Heisenberg-Euler effective Lagrangians, beginning with the original work of Heisenberg and Euler, and Weisskopf, for the one loop effective action of quantum electrodynamics in a constant electromagnetic background field, and then summarizing some of the important applications and generalizations to inhomogeneous background fields, nonabelian backgrounds, and higher loop effective Lagrangians.Dedicated to the memory of Ian Kogan, a great physicist and friend, whose enthusiasm for life and science is sorely missed.