“…The best defense against complications of T2DM is to take a good care of the lifetime metabolic control by maintaining the normal blood sugar levels of 4.0 to 6.0 mmol/L, keeping active, and making healthy choices [15]. Many mathematical models of engineering systems have been proposed for standard calculation techniques in the study of the corrosion penetration rate of titanium base materials materials [16], the determination of the resistance of mass transfer [17,18], the assessment of the optimal retention time of bio-trickling filter reactor [19], the design of bio-sand filtration [20], the calculation of the accumulation rate, lifetime, and adsorption capacity for the adsorption of oil and grease [21], and other engineering activities [22,23]. However, the development of mathematical models in the field of medicine and health is still rare and is a growing area of specialisation [24,25].…”