Calculation of the Color of Pigmented Plastics*

Saunderson, J. L.

doi:10.1364/josa.32.000727

Cited by 311 publications

(180 citation statements)

References 5 publications

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“…It is therefore likely that there is some spectral contamination owing to the reflectance characteristics of the filter itself. This problem is often encountered in the dye and paper industry and is generally resolved using the Kubelka-Munk two-flux transport theory (21,22). We tried using a similar approach initially in our work but encountered limitations in the sample abundances that are needed for the accurate determination of the absorption and scattering coefficients required by the model for an optically thick sample layer.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Surface biosignatures of exo-Earths: Remote detection of extraterrestrial life

Hegde

Paulino-Lima

Kent

et al. 2015

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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Exoplanet discovery has made remarkable progress, with the first rocky planets having been detected in the central star's liquid water habitable zone. The remote sensing techniques used to characterize such planets for potential habitability and life rely solely on our understanding of life on Earth. The vegetation red edge from terrestrial land plants is often used as a direct signature of life, but it occupies only a small niche in the environmental parameter space that binds life on present-day Earth and has been widespread for only about 460 My. To more fully exploit the diversity of the one example of life known, we measured the spectral characteristics of 137 microorganisms containing a range of pigments, including ones isolated from Earth's most extreme environments. Our database covers the visible and near-infrared to the short-wavelength infrared (0.35-2.5 μm) portions of the electromagnetic spectrum and is made freely available from biosignatures. astro.cornell.edu. Our results show how the reflectance properties are dominated by the absorption of light by pigments in the visible portion and by strong absorptions by the cellular water of hydration in the infrared (up to 2.5 μm) portion of the spectrum. Our spectral library provides a broader and more realistic guide based on Earth life for the search for surface features of extraterrestrial life. The library, when used as inputs for modeling disk-integrated spectra of exoplanets, in preparation for the next generation of space-and ground-based instruments, will increase the chances of detecting life.biosignatures | spectral library | reflectivity | extremophiles | pigments I n the last decade, the field of exoplanet research has transitioned rapidly from detection to detection and characterization, with the first rocky exoplanets detected in the central star's liquid water habitable zone. Much of the excitement of this research in both the astrobiology community and the general public is motivated by the quest to discover a second genesis of life. The great distances that separate us from even the most nearby stars dictate that all measurements of the exoplanet must be made through remote sensing techniques for the foreseeable future. Thus, it is critical for us to determine the types of biosignatures that we should be looking for when designing the next generation of ground-and space-based instruments that will observe these planets at high spectral and possibly spatial resolutions.Since the mid-1960s a primary life-searching strategy has been to look for a specific combination of an oxidizing and a reducing gas in the exoplanetary atmosphere, such as the O 2 and CH 4 in our atmosphere, because this is a thermodynamically unstable situation suggesting that an active agent such as life is responsible for the chemical disequilibrium (1, 2). Of particular interest, both from an observational and modeling perspective, is to complement those indirect life detection studies with surface features that are direct properties of the organisms themselves (3).Alt...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Surface biosignatures of exo-Earths: Remote detection of extraterrestrial life

Hegde

Paulino-Lima

Kent

et al. 2015

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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“…KM theory assumes diffuse illumination and collection, however, in practise, measurements are often made with collimated normal illumination [76]. Saundersons correction [77] is normally applied to correct for the reflection at the air/paint and paint/air interfaces. The KM theory is so simple and successful that it is still being used in the paint industry to work out the mixing ratios of paints to match a given colour.…”

Section: Pigment Identificationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Advances in multispectral and hyperspectral imaging for archaeology and art conservation

2011

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Multispectral imaging has been applied to the field of art conservation and art history since the early 1990s. It is attractive as a noninvasive imaging technique because it is fast and hence capable of imaging large areas of an object giving both spatial and spectral information. This paper gives an overview of the different instrumental designs, image processing techniques and various applications of multispectral and hyperspectral imaging to art conservation, art history and archaeology. Recent advances in the development of remote and versatile multispectral and hyperspectral imaging as well as techniques in pigment identification will be presented. Future prospects including combination of spectral imaging with other noninvasive imaging and analytical techniques will be discussed.

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“…Saunderson proposed a correction for the Kubelka-Munk reflectance formula taking them into account [82]. of it (external reflectance) is reflected and a fraction T in is transmitted into the medium (see Figure 26).…”

Section: Saunderson Correctionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fundamentals of Optics and Radiometry for Color Reproduction

Hébert

Hersch

Emmel³

2014

Handbook of Digital Imaging

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Visual appearance of objects comes from the interpretation by the human visual system of a light signal issued from the objects. Describing or predicting appearance is therefore a question of light and requires notions about light propagation and measurement. In this paper, we introduce basic laws of optics, the science of light, and radiometry, the science of light measurement, in the context of colored surfaces. We address light spectrum and illuminants, polarization, notions of reflectance and transmittance based on radiometric definitions, gloss, absorption, scattering, fluorescence and models for light reflection and transmission by flat and rough surfaces, by slabs of nonscattering media and diffusing layers. Throughout the paper, we present the most current methods to assess the different physical quantities by measurement.

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Calculation of the Color of Pigmented Plastics*

Cited by 311 publications

References 5 publications

Surface biosignatures of exo-Earths: Remote detection of extraterrestrial life

Surface biosignatures of exo-Earths: Remote detection of extraterrestrial life

Advances in multispectral and hyperspectral imaging for archaeology and art conservation

Fundamentals of Optics and Radiometry for Color Reproduction

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