Calculation of the effective valence for electromigration in niobium

Healing Effect of Controlled Anti‐Electromigration on Conventional and High‐Tc Superconducting Nanowires

“…The electromigration force is given by F = Z * eE, where e is the electron charge, E is the electric field, and Z * is the effective valence of the carriers combining the effect of electron wind and direct electric force on the ions 28 . As recognized by Gupta et al 38 , the electron-wind force, responsible for electromigration, depends on an integral over the Fermi surface which is rather complicated and essentially hole-like in Nb, i.e. Z * > 0.…”

Dynamic Electropulsing Induced Phase Transformations in a Furnace Cooled Zn-Al Based Alloy (ZA22)

“…2,4,34) Under the impact of transient stress, the mobilized dislocations were moved very quickly, even at ultrasonic speeds. 8) As far as the diffusion-controlled phase transformations are concerned, electron migration may be important when considering the influence of an electric current. Both the motion of dislocations and quench-in vacancies, and precipitation rate are considerably dependent on the atomic diffusion flux, J.…”

“…1) As an alternative to the traditional thermal and thermo-mechanical processes, EPT has attracted a great deal of attention. Extensive studies have been carried out in materials science and engineering, such as electroplastisity, [1][2][3][4][5][6] electromigration, 7,8) recrystallization, [9][10][11][12] amorphous nanocrystallization 13,14) and phase transformation. [15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24] As a new kind of driving force for phase transformations, electropulsing is more powerful and more effective than thermal and thermo-mechanical energies.…”

Effects of Dynamic Electropulsing on Phase Transformation of a Zn-Al Based Alloy

“…The j consists of j t and j a , j ¼ j t þ j a , where j t is the flux of the diffusing atoms due to the thermal effect and j a is the flux of the diffusing atoms owing to the athermal effect. [28][29][30][31] In the present study, the dynamic electropusing was performed at ambient temperature, hence the j t was neglected. According to the previous studies, 29) the j a can be described as in the following equation:…”