Calibration and Uncertainty Estimation for Water Content Measurement in Solids

Aro, Rudolf; Ayoub, Mohamed Wajdi Ben; Leito, Ivo; Georgin, Éric; Savanier, B.

doi:10.1007/s10765-021-02796-y

Cited by 5 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…The titration is based on adding a titer (i.e., iodine) of a known concentration to a solution with unknown water content. Therefore, water contents are calculated by the amount of titer added until it reaches a balance in the reaction [ 25 ]. The coulometric KFT uses iodine generated by electrodes, and a constant alternating current is maintained until an excess of iodine is present in the titration cell [ 21 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The coulometric KFT uses iodine generated by electrodes, and a constant alternating current is maintained until an excess of iodine is present in the titration cell [ 21 ]. This method accurately measures small water contents (<3%), but it is also essential to obtain an adequate water release from the specimens [ 25 ]. Several factors can affect the method’s accuracy, and pilot studies defined the parameters used in the present study.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Determination of Water Content in Direct Resin Composites Using Coulometric Karl Fischer Titration

et al. 2022

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This study evaluated the water content and sorption of direct composites over 60 days using coulometric Karl Fischer titration (KFT). Plate-shaped specimens (10 × 10 × 1 mm3 of thickness) were built up using the composites Clearfil Majesty Posterior (CM), Grandio SO (GS), and Filtek Supreme XT (FS). Water contents were determined in non-stored specimens (control) or after storage in distilled water for up to 60 days (n = 5). The amount of water transferred from the specimens heated at 200 °C (isothermal mode) was measured in the Coulometer. The water content of non-stored specimens ranged from 0.28 to 1.69 wt% (5.6 to 31.2 μg/mm3) for GS and FS, respectively. The highest values of water sorption were observed for FS (25.3 μg/mm3 after 60 days). GS and CM showed similar water sorption after 60 days (≈9 μg/mm3), but an ultimate higher water content was observed for CM (0.9 wt%; 22.0 μg/mm3) than GS (0.7 wt%; 14.8 μg/mm3). Except for CM, no significant water sorption was observed between 21 and 60 days of storage. Since all composites presented some base water content, water sorption data alone do not account for the ultimate water content in direct resin-based composites.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Determination of Water Content in Direct Resin Composites Using Coulometric Karl Fischer Titration

et al. 2022

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“…To ensure traceability to SI (the International System of Units) for this equipment, two options can be considered: the use of certified reference materials or the utilisation of metrologically controlled humid gas. While certified reference materials with known water content are frequently used, their availability is often limited, and they may not always offer suitable values or materials that guarantee both SI traceability and well-characterised uncertainty [16]. An alternative calibration approach is presented in [17], which utilises the water content of humid gas with a defined dewpoint as a reference.…”

Section: Lne-cetiat Reference Method: Evolved Eater Vapour Coulometri...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Calibration Techniques for Water Content Measurements in Solid Biofuels

Kjeldsen,

Østergaard,

Strauss

et al. 2024

Energies

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This paper presents methodologies and equipment for SI-traceable inline measurements of water content (a critical quality parameter) in solid biofuels. Inline measurement systems for water content are commonly used at CHP plants, providing continuous real-time data. However, the accuracy of these systems is in most cases unsatisfactory, mainly because the systems are not calibrated representatively for the relevant material, and until now, calibrations traceable to the SI system have not been available. To provide reliable and accurate inline water content data, new procedures and equipment for calibrating measurement systems were developed. Two reference methods for the determination of water content were developed; one measures the airflow and dewpoint of desorbed water in the air passing a test sample, while the other uses a P2O₅-sensor. Additionally, a transfer standard based on a cavity resonance sensor was developed for fast onsite calibration of the inline sensor at the power plant. This new instrument allows for quick and accurate measurements. The transfer standard is made metrologically traceable to the primary measurement standards. The entire system was demonstrated by calibrating an inline microwave-based (MW) sensor at the CHP plant of VERDO in Randers, Denmark. Thus, a complete metrological traceability chain was established from an industrial to a primary standard.

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“…Among the methods, the ISO GUM Supplement 1, known as the Monte Carlo method (JCGM, 2008), the Kragten method, and applications of Bayesian statistics, among others, stand out. The literature presents various works where the potential of the GUM, Monte Carlo, and Kragten methods have been compared Zarate et al (2022), Aro et al (2021), Khan and Ibrayeva (2020), Cremona et al (2018), Sardjono and Wijonarko (2018), Horsky, Irrgeher, and Prohaska (2016), Guerrasio et al (2013), Theodorou, Zannikou, and Zannikos (2012), resulting in a robust Monte Carlo and, additionally, similar results between the GUM and Kragten methods. However, in thermal metrology applied to the industrial sector, the literature does not show a direct comparison between the GUM and Kragten methods.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Comparison of Different Methods to Evaluate Measurement Uncertainty in Bimetallic Thermometers Used in Industrial Equipment

Vásquez¹,

Jutínico-Alarcon²,

Simanca-Celedon³

et al. 2023

IJTech

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This paper compares different methods (Kragten, Guide to the expression of uncertainty in measurement -GUM-and Relative Uncertainty) to evaluate the measurement uncertainty in bimetallic thermometers. The motivation for the development of the work is based on a need detected in the industry to increase the metrological reliability of thermometers for temperature control in the most diverse measurement processes. The applied methodology is based on the concepts enshrined in the classical literature about the GUM, Kragten and Relative methods. The consolidated results confirmed that, for temperature measurement applications, the GUM method is more appropriate for estimating the measurement uncertainty. The value obtained was equal to 1.22 o C throughout the calibration range of the instrument. In conclusion, this work showed that an increase in metrological reliability for the measurement of temperature, fundamental magnitude in industrial processes, can be obtained by evaluating different methods for estimating the measurement uncertainty.

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Calibration and Uncertainty Estimation for Water Content Measurement in Solids

Cited by 5 publications

References 16 publications

Determination of Water Content in Direct Resin Composites Using Coulometric Karl Fischer Titration

Determination of Water Content in Direct Resin Composites Using Coulometric Karl Fischer Titration

Calibration Techniques for Water Content Measurements in Solid Biofuels

Comparison of Different Methods to Evaluate Measurement Uncertainty in Bimetallic Thermometers Used in Industrial Equipment

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