Calibration-free analysis of immersed metal alloys using long-pulse-duration laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy

A Review of Underwater Laser-induced Breakdown Spectroscopy of Submerged Solids

“…128 Calibration free analysis is also applied to underwater LIBS of submerged samples. 97,129,130 However, there are many limitations in quantitative aspect of the spectral measurements, as well as data analysis, to…”

“…Using the Boltzmann plot, atomic and ionic excitation temperatures of the underwater plasma have been investigated. [39][40][41]63,96,97 The temperature has also been estimated by the fitting of a theoretical (synthetic) spectrum based on the Boltzmann distribution. 93 Not only atomic and ionic emission lines but also emission bands of molecules have been observed from laser ablation plasma in liquid.…”

“…have performed long-pulse underwater LIBS, and examined the effect of self-absorption correction upon the CF-LIBS analysis. 97 The self-absorption effect can be evaluated by comparing the experimental and theoretical values of intensity ratio between resonance and non-resonance emission lines. 131 Also, in case of doublet lines, their theoretical intensity ratio is approximated by the ratio of the Einstein coefficients of the transitions, since the difference in the Boltzmann factors of the nearby levels is negligible.…”

Signal Improvement for Underwater Measurement of Metal Samples Using Collinear Long-Short Double-Pulse Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

“…Therefore, signal improvement is one of the vital issues for underwater LIBS. In previous literature of underwater LIBS, De Giacomo et al [22,23] and Gavrilovic et al [24,25] have reported a signal improvement using a double-pulse (two nanosecond pulses), meanwhile, Jabbar et al [6], Sakka et al [26] and Oguchi et al [27] have reported a signal improvement using a single-pulse with long-pulse-duration. The experimental results of these studies had shown that the reason for signal improvement is related to the cavitation bubble in an underwater environment.…”

“…Lan et al have reported the detection improvement of solution measurement using a method to measure the flame of alcohol-solution mixtures [5]. Jabbar et al have proposed a calibration-free long-pulse duration LIBS method for the underwater measurement of metal alloys [6]. Li et al have studied the salinity effects on the underwater LIBS [7].…”