Calidad del alcohol producido en Europa ilegalmente o de forma no regulada: resultados del proyecto AMPHORA

Lachenmeier, Dirk W.; Leitz, Jenny; Schoeberl, Kerstin; Kuballa, Thomas; Straub, Irene; Rehm, Jürgen

doi:10.20882/adicciones.156

Cited by 34 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…Also pesticide treatment raised the levels of lead significantly (Salvo et al 2003). The Codex alimentarius recommends a maximum level of 0.20 mg/kg lead in wine (Codex alimentarius 2003); the International Organisation of Vine and Wine (OIV) has even a lower standard with 150 μg/L (for overview of regulations, see Lachenmeier et al (2011b)). Comparing the results reported in previous studies (Sherlock et al 1986 .…”

Section: Leadmentioning

confidence: 99%

Carcinogenic compounds in alcoholic beverages: an update

et al. 2016

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The consumption of alcoholic beverages has been classified as carcinogenic to humans by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) since 1988. More recently, in 2010, ethanol as the major constituent of alcoholic beverages and its metabolite acetaldehyde were also classified as carcinogenic to humans. Alcoholic beverages as multi-component mixtures may additionally contain further known or suspected human carcinogens as constituent or contaminant. This review will discuss the occurrence and toxicology of eighteen carcinogenic compounds (acetaldehyde, acrylamide, aflatoxins, arsenic, benzene, cadmium, ethanol, ethyl carbamate, formaldehyde, furan, glyphosate, lead, 3-MCPD, 4-methylimidazole, N-nitrosodimethylamine, pulegone, ochratoxin A, safrole) occurring in alcoholic beverages as identified based on monograph reviews by the IARC. For most of the compounds of alcoholic beverages, quantitative risk assessment provided evidence for only a very low risk (such as margins of exposure above 10,000). The highest risk was found for ethanol, which may reach exposures in ranges known to increase the cancer risk even at moderate drinking (margin of exposure around 1). Other constituents that could pose a risk to the drinker were inorganic lead, arsenic, acetaldehyde, cadmium and ethyl carbamate, for most of which mitigation by good manufacturing practices is possible. Nevertheless, due to the major effect of ethanol, the cancer burden due to alcohol consumption can only be reduced by reducing alcohol consumption in general or by lowering the alcoholic strength of beverages.

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Section: Leadmentioning

confidence: 99%

Carcinogenic compounds in alcoholic beverages: an update

et al. 2016

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“…The samplings were conducted in the context of international projects designed to characterize the quality of a broad range of alcoholic beverages, including commercial beverages but specifically focused on unrecorded alcohol (alcoholic strength varied between 5 and 81% vol.). Details on the samples from Russia (n = 22) [7], Mexico (n = 19) [13], Poland (n = 23) [14], Brazil (n = 27) [15], Guatemala (n = 19) [16,17], Ukraine (n = 64) [18], Romania (n = 2) [19], Austria (n = 29) [19], Spain (n = 11) [19], Norway (n = 4) [19], Lithuania (n = 5) [20], Nigeria (n = 2) [21] and Hungary (n = 13) [20] were previously published. Additionally, samples from India (n = 2) were included in the study.…”

Section: Samples and Reference Substancesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A second discrimination can be seen on PC1, where a small group of two conspicuous samples is located with extreme positive values. The samples were submitted from Romania during an EU research project on quality of unrecorded alcohol and were suspicious for extremely high concentrations of methanol and ethyl carbamate [19].…”

Section: Pca Classificationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nontargeted NMR Analysis To Rapidly Detect Hazardous Substances in Alcoholic Beverages

2012

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Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy is introduced for the analysis of alcoholic beverages in the context of governmental health and safety control. For sample preparation of all types of alcoholic beverages, only addition of buffer is required as single step. To detect potentially unsafe samples especially in the context of unrecorded alcohol (i.e., illegally or informally produced alcohol), a nontargeted approach based on principal component analysis (PCA) was applied. The PCA scores plot of 304 samples clearly shows seven conspicuous samples with highly divergent scores from the rest of the samples. These samples contained hazardous substances such as diethyl phthalate or polyhexamethyleneguanidine, as well as extremely high concentrations of methanol or ethyl carbamate. In addition to the nontargeted approach, partial least squares regression allowed us to quantify several parameters such as methanol, higher alcohols, 2-phenyl alcohol and ethyl acetate with high correlation to gas chromatographic reference analysis (R 2 = 0.92-0.98).

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“…So far, most chemical-toxicological studies on unrecorded alcohol in Europe were unable to detect levels of contaminants which may cause increased health effects including liver cirrhosis [1,19,20]. However, the studies typically detected higher levels of ethanol (i.e.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Is There a Need for Alcohol Policy to Mitigate Metal Contamination in Unrecorded Fruit Spirits?

Lachenmeier

2020

IJERPH

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Unrecorded alcohol comprises all types of alcohol that is not registered in the jurisdiction where it is consumed. In some countries in Central and Eastern Europe as well as the Balkans, the majority of unrecorded alcohol consumption may derive from the home production of fruit spirits. Some studies found a high prevalence of lead and cadmium in such spirits. This article provides a quantitative comparative risk assessment using the margin of exposure (MOE) methodology for lead and cadmium, compared to ethanol, for unrecorded fruit spirits. For average concentration levels, the lowest MOE (0.8) was calculated for ethanol (alcohol itself). For lead, the MOE was 13 for moderate daily drinking and 0.9 for the worst-case scenario. For cadmium, the MOE was 1982 for moderate daily drinking and 113 for the worst-case scenario. The results of this study are consistent with previous comparative risk assessments stating that ethanol itself comprises by far the highest risk of all compounds in alcoholic beverages. Regarding metal contaminants, the risk of cadmium appears negligible; however, lead may pose an additional health risk in heavy drinking circumstances. Strategies to avoid metal contamination in the artisanal home production of spirits need to be developed.

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Calidad del alcohol producido en Europa ilegalmente o de forma no regulada: resultados del proyecto AMPHORA

Cited by 34 publications

References 25 publications

Carcinogenic compounds in alcoholic beverages: an update

Carcinogenic compounds in alcoholic beverages: an update

Nontargeted NMR Analysis To Rapidly Detect Hazardous Substances in Alcoholic Beverages

Is There a Need for Alcohol Policy to Mitigate Metal Contamination in Unrecorded Fruit Spirits?

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