Call Frequency-Based Fault Localization

Vancsics, Béla; Horváth, Ferenc; Szatmári, Attila; Beszedes, Arpad

doi:10.1109/saner50967.2021.00041

Cited by 20 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 46 publications

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“…For example, spectra-based fault localization (SBFL) [43,45,65,67,72,77] leverages the statement coverage using the set of passing and failing test cases to localize the statement that is most likely to induce a test failure. Similarly, Bela et al [75] and Laghari et al [52] present an approach that uses the frequency of method occurrence in the call stack of failing test cases for localizing the faulty methods. A method that appears more in the call stack of failing test cases is more likely to be faulty.…”

Section: Related Workmentioning

confidence: 99%

Blocking JavaScript without Breaking the Web: An Empirical Investigation

Amjad¹,

Shafiq²,

Gulzar³

2023

Preprint

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Modern websites heavily rely on JavaScript (JS) to implement legitimate functionality as well as privacy-invasive advertising and tracking. Browser extensions such as NoScript block any script not loaded by a trusted list of endpoints, thus hoping to block privacy-invasive scripts while avoiding breaking legitimate website functionality. In this paper, we investigate whether blocking JS on the web is feasible without breaking legitimate functionality. To this end, we conduct a large-scale measurement study of JS blocking on 100K websites. We evaluate the effectiveness of different JS blocking strategies in tracking prevention and functionality breakage. Our evaluation relies on quantitative analysis of network requests, and resource loads as well as manual qualitative analysis of visual breakage. First, we show that while blocking all scripts is quite effective at reducing tracking, it significantly degrades functionality on approximately two-thirds of the tested websites. Second, we show that selective blocking of a subset of scripts based on a curated list achieves a better tradeoff. However, there remain approximately 15% "mixed" scripts, which essentially merge tracking and legitimate functionality and thus cannot be blocked without causing website breakage. Finally, we show that fine-grained blocking of a subset of JS methods, instead of scripts, reduces major breakage by 3.7× while providing the same level of tracking prevention. Our work highlights the promise and open challenges in fine-grained JS blocking for tracking prevention without breaking the web.

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Section: Related Workmentioning

confidence: 99%

Blocking JavaScript without Breaking the Web: An Empirical Investigation

Amjad¹,

Shafiq²,

Gulzar³

2023

Preprint

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“… Heiden et al (2019) argue that the SBFL technique only exploits the program spectrum as an abstraction for program execution without considering any other useful contextual information. Vancsics et al (2021) addresses this problem by using method call frequency. He refines the standard SBFL formula with the frequency with which the investigated method appears in call stack instances.…”

Section: Related Workmentioning

confidence: 99%

The improved dynamic slicing for spectrum-based fault localization

Cao

Wang

Deng

et al. 2022

PeerJ Computer Science

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Background Spectrum-based Fault localization have proven to be useful in the process of software testing and debugging. However, how to improve the effectiveness of software fault localization has always been a research hot spot in the field of software engineering. Dynamic slicing can extract program dependencies under certain conditions. Thus, this technology is expected to benefit for locating fault. Methods We propose an improved dynamic slicing for spectrum-based fault localization under a general framework. We first obtain the dynamic slice of program execution. Secondly, we construct a mixed slice spectrum matrix from the dynamic slice of each test case and the corresponding test results. Finally, we compute the suspiciousness value of each statement in the mixed-slice spectram matrix. Results To verify the performance of our method, we conduct an empirical study on 15 widely used open-source programs. Experimental results show that our approach achieves significant improvement than the compared techniques. Conclusions Our approach can reduce approximately 1% to 17.79% of the average cost of code examined significantly.

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“…For example, widely popular spectra-based fault localization (SBFL) [14,22,28,29,40,44] collects statement coverage profiles of each test, passing or failing, to localize the lines of code that are most likely to induce a test failure. Bela et al [45] and Laghari et al [30] present a call frequencybased SBFL technique. Instead of coverage information, they use the frequency of method occurrence in the call stack of failing test cases.…”

Section: Related Workmentioning

confidence: 99%

TrackerSift: Untangling Mixed Tracking and Functional Web Resources

Amjad,

Saleem,

Zaffar

et al. 2021

Preprint

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Trackers typically circumvent filter lists used by privacyenhancing content blocking tools by changing the domains or URLs of their resources. Filter list maintainers painstakingly attempt to keep up in the ensuing arms race by frequently updating the filter lists. Trackers have recently started to mix tracking and functional resources, putting content blockers in a bind: risk breaking legitimate functionality if they act and risk missing privacy-invasive advertising and tracking if they do not. In this paper, we conduct a large-scale measurement study of such mixed (i.e., both tracking and functional) resources on 100K websites. We propose TRACKERSIFT, an approach that progressively classifies and untangles mixed web resources at multiple granularities of analysis (domain, hostname, script, and method). Using TRACKERSIFT, we find that 83% of the domains can be separated as tracking or functional and the remaining 17% (11.8K) domains are classified as mixed. For the mixed domains, 52% of the hostnames can be separated, and the remaining 48% (12.3K) hostnames are classified as mixed. For the mixed hostnames, 94% of the JavaScript snippets can be separated, and the remaining 6% (21.1K) scripts are classified as mixed. For the mixed scripts, 91% of the JavaScript methods can be separated, and the remaining 9% (5.5K) methods are classified as mixed. Overall, TRACKERSIFT is able to attribute 98% of all requests to tracking or functional resources at the finest level of granularity. Our analysis shows that mixed resources at different granularities are typically served from CDNs or as inlined and bundled scripts. Our results highlight opportunities for fine-grained content blocking to remove mixed resources without breaking legitimate functionality.

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Call Frequency-Based Fault Localization

Cited by 20 publications

References 46 publications

Blocking JavaScript without Breaking the Web: An Empirical Investigation

Blocking JavaScript without Breaking the Web: An Empirical Investigation

The improved dynamic slicing for spectrum-based fault localization

TrackerSift: Untangling Mixed Tracking and Functional Web Resources

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