Calophyllolide Content in Calophyllum inophyllum at Different Stages of Maturity and Its Osteogenic Activity

Abstract

Calophyllum inophyllum is a coastal plant rich in natural substances. Its ingredients have been used for the development of an anti-human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) drug. In this study, we collected C. inophyllum fruit, and the ethanol extract of the fruit was chromatographically separated using silica gel and Sephadex LH-20 columns to obtain the major compound, calophyllolide. The fruits were harvested from September to December in 2011; a quantitative analysis of the calophyllolide content was conducted using HPLC to explore the differences between the different parts of the fruit during the growing season. The results showed that in fruits of C. inophyllum, calophyllolide exists only in the nuts, and dried nuts contain approximately 2 mg·g −1 of calophyllolide. The calophyllolide levels in the nuts decreased during maturity. In addition, calophyllolide dose-dependently OPEN ACCESSMolecules 2015, 20 12315 enhanced alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity in murine osteoblastic MC3T3-E1 cells, without significant cytotoxicity. The expression of osteoblastic genes, ALP and osteocalcin (OCN), were increased by calophyllolide. Calophyllolide induced osteoblasts differentiation also evidenced by increasing mineralization and ALP staining.

Pharmacological Properties of <i>Calophyllum inophyllum</i> – Updated Review

“…The evidence of inducing osteoblast differentiation was explained by a rise in mineralization and ALP staining. Furthermore, it induced the expression of ALP and osteocalcin [2]. These supports the therapeutic potential of Calophyllum inophyllum in osteoporosis.…”

Ekstraksi Minyak Dan Resin Nyamplung Dengan Campuran Pelarut Heksan-Etanol

“…Asam lemak bebas yang terkandung pada minyak nyamplung lebih didominasi oleh asam-asam lemak yang bersifat non polar seperti asam oleat dan linoleat, sedangkan yang terkandung dalam resin kemungkinan lebih didominasi oleh asam-asam lemak yang bersifat polar seperti asam palmitat dan stearat. Selain asam lemak bebas, resin juga mengandung asam benzoat (Prabakaran dan Britto, 2012), asam kalofinat, senyawa-senyawa turunan asam sinamat, asam begonia, serta senyawa-senyawa fenolik dan polifenolik (Liu et al, 2015) yang menyebabkan keasamannya menjadi sangat tinggi. Asam dan senyawa-senyawa tersebut ikut terekstraksi oleh etanol karena sifatnya yang polar dan larut dalam etanol.…”

“…Selain itu minyak nyamplung mengandung senyawa-senyawa seperti keton xanton, coumarin, flavonoid, triterpen, asam begonia, serta senyawa-senyawa fenolik dan polifenolik seperti calophyllolide yang bermanfaat sebagai antioksidan (Liu et al, 2015). Oleh karena itu, minyak nyamplung banyak dimanfaatkan untuk keperluan non pangan, farmasi dan kosmetika seperti untuk pelitur, pelapis, minyak rambut, minyak urut, sabun (Atabani dan Cesar, 2014) dan biodiesel (Dalvi et al, 2012;Chavan et al, 2013;Leksono et al, 2014;Muhammad et al, 2014;Ong et al, 2014;Silitonga et al, 2014).…”

Direct Calophyllum oil extraction and resin separation with a binary solvent of n-hexane and methanol mixture

“…Furthermore, the oil extracted from Calophyllum inophyllum seeds is rich in phospholipids and unsaponifiable compounds [12,13], and has antioxidant, antiaging, UV-protective, antiradical, and therapeutic properties [14]. This oil also has biological and osteogenic activities, due to its high calophyllolide content [15]. However, Calophyllum seeds are lethal to humans and animals if ingested, because they contain a poisonous resin [16].…”