Caloric regulation in the rat: Control by two factors

Treit, Dallas

doi:10.1016/0031-9384(86)90022-3

Cited by 8 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…This is in accordance with previous studies have shown that there was no difference in 24 hour food intake between CCK 1 R -/-and CCK 11 +/+ 1 mice fed chow [13,14]. It is well established that rodents can regulate their caloric intake by eating less of a high calorie diet and more of a low calorie diet [40]. In the present study the caloric density was identical for both diets, which could account for the observation that total food intake was uniform across all groups.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 80%

CCK1 receptor is essential for normal meal patterning in mice fed high fat diet

Donovan

Paulino

Raybould

2007

Physiology & Behavior

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Cholecystokinin (CCK), released by lipid in the intestine, initiates satiety by acting at cholecystokinin type 1 receptors (CCK 1 Rs) located on vagal afferent nerve terminals located in the wall of the gastrointestinal tract. In the present study, we determined the role of the CCK 1 R in the short term effects of a high fat diet on daily food intake and meal patterns using mice in which the CCK 1 R gene is deleted. CCK 1 R -/-and CCK 1 R +/+ mice were fed isocaloric high fat (HF) or low fat (LF) diets ad libitum for 18 hours each day and meal size, meal frequency, intermeal interval, and meal duration were determined. Daily food intake was unaltered by diet in the CCK 1 R -/-compared to CCK 1 R +/+ mice. However, meal size was larger in the CCK 1 R -/-mice compared to CCK 1 R +/+ mice when fed a HF diet, with a concomitant decrease in meal frequency. Meal duration was increased in mice fed HF diet regardless of phenotype. In addition, CCK 1 R -/-mice fed a HF diet had a 75% decrease in the time to 1 st meal compared to CCK 1 R +/+ mice following a 6 hr fast. These data suggest that lack of the CCK 1 R results in diminished satiation, causing altered meal patterns including larger, less frequent meals when fed a high fat diet. These results suggest that the CCK 1 R is involved in regulating caloric intake on a meal to meal basis, but that other factors are responsible for regulation of daily food intake.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 80%

CCK1 receptor is essential for normal meal patterning in mice fed high fat diet

Donovan

Paulino

Raybould

2007

Physiology & Behavior

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“…It is well known that animals eat less of a high-calorie food and more of a low-calorie food in order to regulate their weight, and in many cases the changes in intake seem to require a number of exposures to the diet (e.g., Snowdon, 1969). This is widely viewed to suggest that rats associate some aspect of the diet with the long-delayed caloric consequence of the diet (e.g., Treit & Spetch, 1986). It is thus important to demonstrate that rats can indeed associate a flavor with delayed outcomes varying in calories.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Conditioned flavor preferences based on delayed caloric consequences.

Capaldi

Campbell

Sheffer

et al. 1987

Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes

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In four experiments we showed that rats prefer a flavor associated with a delayed edible consequence if the delayed consequence contains calories; the greater the number of calories, the greater the preference. We obtained conditioned preferences with delayed consequences of dextrose plus quinine, 8% polycose, 8% sucrose, 10 g of high fat mash, and 14 g of lab chow. No conditioned preferences were obtained with delayed consequences of saccharin, 10 g of low fat mash, 1% polycose, or 1% sucrose. Thus, it seems that flavor preferences based on delayed caloric consequences occur only if there are appreciable calories in the consequence.

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“…Hyophagia following access to preferred food has often been attributed to the excess caloric intake or weight gain that preferred food can induce or to caloric conditioning by the more energy-dense, preferred diet (13,83,90). Here, to equate levels of initial intake, regular chow diet of controls was replaced with a more preferred chow diet (86.1 Ϯ 7.0% preference vs. Harlan chow), which promoted the same initial levels of energy intake and weight gain as an even more preferred chocolate-flavored, sugary diet.…”

Section: Hypophagia Of Less Preferred Foodmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, less attention has been given to the underconsumption of less preferred, but otherwise acceptable, food that follows access to palatable, energy-dense food. The hypophagia of once acceptable food has often been interpreted to result from a corrective energy homeostasis mechanism to oppose weight gain (4, 18, 58) or caloric conditioning (13,83,90). Alternatively, some investigators have proposed nonnutritional contributions, including "negative contrast" (21, 24, 32, 77), due to recent experience of or the prospect of access to a more rewarding alternative (30,31,38,79); "food withdrawal," analogous to an aversive state of drug withdrawal (87); or opponent-process decrements in brain reward function (84).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Intermittent access to preferred food reduces the reinforcing efficacy of chow in rats

Cottone

Sabino²,

Steardo³

et al. 2008

American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comp

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Cottone P, Sabino V, Steardo L, Zorrilla EP. Intermittent access to preferred food reduces the reinforcing efficacy of chow in rats. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 295: R1066 -R1076, 2008. First published July 30, 2008 doi:10.1152/ajpregu.90309.2008.-Intermittent, extended access to preferred diets increases their intake. However, the effects of such access on the acceptance and reinforcing efficacy of otherwise satisfying alternatives is less known. To investigate the role of nonnutritional contributions to the hypophagia that follows removal of preferred food, male Wistar rats were fed a chow diet (Chow A/I), preferred to their regular chow (Chow), which was equally consumed under 1-choice conditions to an even more preferred chocolate-flavored, sucrose-rich diet (Preferred). Rats then learned to obtain Chow A/I pellets under a progressive ratio schedule of reinforcement and were assigned to two matched groups. Each week, one group (n ϭ 15) was diet-cycled, receiving Chow A/I for 5 days followed by the Preferred diet for 2 days. Controls received Chow A/I daily (n ϭ 14). Progressive ratio sessions were performed daily during the 5 days that all subjects received Chow A/I in the home cage. Across 5 wk, diet-cycled rats progressively ate less of the otherwise palatable Chow A/I diet. Hypophagia was not due to greater prior intake or weight gain, motor impairment, or facilitated satiation and was associated with changes in progressive ratio performance that suggested a reduced reinforcing efficacy of the Chow A/I diet in diet-cycled animals. By week 4, diet-cycled animals began to overeat the preferred diet, especially during the first 6 h of renewed access, resembling a deprivation effect. The results suggest that intermittent access to highly preferred food, as practiced by many restrained eaters, may progressively decrease the acceptability of less palatable foods, and may promote relapse to more rewarding alternatives. limited access; food intake; negative contrast; deprivation; palatability PROVIDING LIMITED, RATHER than continuous, access to rewards is a procedure used to model excessive behaviors. For example, intermittent, but extended, access to substances of abuse, such as ethanol (8, 19, 24, 29, 66), nicotine (35, 66), cocaine (1, 2, 5, 49, 62, 69, 95), heroin (3, 56), and methamphetamine (48) induces behavioral and molecular adaptations in rodents which resemble features of drug dependence in humans (54, 99), including increased drug self-administration. Drug addicts themselves often show cyclic patterns of uncontrolled use vs. abstinence, a profile also modeled by intermittent access animal models.Cycles of access to and deprivation from palatable foods also have been used to model the dysregulated food-directed behavior seen in some humans. Restrained eaters attempt to limit themselves to "safe" foods, typically less palatable than "forbidden" foods, to which they often return in bouts of overeating (37,46,50,86,98). Accordingly, it has been proposed that animals given intermittent access ...

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Caloric regulation in the rat: Control by two factors

Cited by 8 publications

References 15 publications

CCK1 receptor is essential for normal meal patterning in mice fed high fat diet

CCK1 receptor is essential for normal meal patterning in mice fed high fat diet

Conditioned flavor preferences based on delayed caloric consequences.

Intermittent access to preferred food reduces the reinforcing efficacy of chow in rats

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