Calretinin Staining Facilitates Differentiation of Olfactory Neuroblastoma From Other Small Round Blue Cell Tumors in the Sinonasal Tract

Neuroendocrine neoplasms (NENs) can occur in organs or tissues that do not contain neuroendocrine cells normally and do not necessarily imply embryologic derivation from the neuroectoderm; but rather reflect a shared phenotype characterized by the expression of multiple genes encoding both endocrine and neuronal features. NENs are rare in the sinonasal tract and are subdivided into epithelial and neural subtypes based on the presence of keratins or neurofilaments, respectively. Although relatively rare, neuroendocrine carcinomas (NECs) and olfactory neuroblastoma (ONB) are the most common neuroendocrine neoplasms of the sinonasal tract. The focus of this review is to highlight recent developments in the pathology of sinonasal NECs and ONB in light of the upcoming update of the World Health Organization (WHO) 2005 classification of tumors of the head and neck.

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“…5e), and chromogranin [8,34]. The periphery of the cell nests show S-100 protein positive spindle or stellate sustentacular cells (Fig.…”

Section: Pathologic Featuresmentioning

confidence: 99%

Neuroendocrine Neoplasms of the Sinonasal Tract: Neuroendocrine Carcinomas and Olfactory Neuroblastoma

Shah

Perez-Ordóñez

2016

Head and Neck Pathol

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“…a Pituitary hormones and/or pituitary transcription factors, but may include or peptides and hormones (ADH, oxytocin). Based on data aggregate in part from Bahrami et al, 36 Bell et al, 51 Bishop et al, 74 Bourne et al, 143 Chapman-Fredricks et al, 88 Folpe et al, 151 Hafezi et al, 150 Hicks et al, 30 Nikitakis et al, 166 Thompson et al, 7 Thompson et al, 124 Thompson et al, 159 and Wooff et al 57 …”

Section: Melanomamentioning

confidence: 99%

“…There is a strong and diffuse expression of epithelial markers (AE1/AE3, CK7, OSCAR, CAM5.2, EMA; Figure 6), consistent p16 and CD117 reactions, and only focal, patchy nuclear reaction with p63, whereas CK5/6, p40, CEA, EBER, CD34, desmin, S100 protein, and calretinin are consistently negative. 53,[56][57][58][59][60][61] Focal, patchy, and/or weak reactions with neuroendocrine markers (NSE, synaptophysin, chromogranin, CD56) may be present, but there is no corresponding neuroendocrine morphology.…”

Section: Mesenchymal Chondrosarcomamentioning

confidence: 99%

“…52 p16 is strongly expressed, TTF-1 may be seen (Figure 9d), whereas p63 and calretinin may show rare, focal reactivity. 57,88 Outcome and management. Tumors are managed by multimodality combination of surgery and chemoradiation, yielding an overall 5-year disease-free survival of about 50-65%, often better for sphenoid sinus (~80%) rather than maxillary or ethmoid sinus (~33%) tumors.…”

Section: Nut Carcinoma (Squamous Cell Carcinoma)mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Negative markers include CD45RB, CD99, p63, and FLI-1. 4,57,80,140,[142][143][144][145][146] Outcome and management. Using a predominantly surgical approach, combined with radiation and chemotherapy in certain settings, the tumor grade and stage are the most significant prognostic factors, 130,132,[134][135][136][137][138] with metastatic tumors showing a worse disease-free survival.…”

Section: Olfactory Neuroblastoma (Esthesioneuroblastoma)mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Small round blue cell tumors of the sinonasal tract: a differential diagnosis approach

Thompson

2017

Modern Pathology

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One of the most challenging diagnostic categories within tumors of the sinonasal tract is the small round blue cell tumors. Biopsies are usually small and limited, resulting in considerable diagnostic difficulty for practicing surgical pathologists. These tumors share several overlapping histologic and immunophenotypic findings while also showing considerable variation within and between cases. Specific tumor site of origin, imaging findings, and clinical findings must be combined with the histology and pertinent ancillary studies if the correct diagnosis is to be reached. Discrimination between neoplasms is critical as there are significant differences in therapy and overall outcome. It is important to have a well developed differential diagnosis for this category of tumors, where each of the diagnoses is considered, evaluated, and either confirmed or excluded from further consideration. In an undifferentiated tumor, showing a small round blue cell morphology, using the mnemonic 'MR SLEEP' helps to highlight tumors to consider: melanoma, mesenchymal chondrosarcoma, rhabdomyosarcoma, sinonasal undifferentiated carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma (including NUT carcinoma), small cell osteosarcoma, lymphoma, esthesioneuroblastoma (olfactory neuroblastoma), Ewing sarcoma/primitive neuroectodermal tumor, pituitary adenoma, and plasmacytoma. A panel of pertinent immunohistochemistry studies, histochemistries and/or molecular tests should aid in reaching a diagnosis, especially when taking the pattern and intensity of reactions into consideration.

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Esthesioneuroblastoma

Chung

Gallia

Wenig

et al. 2017

Textbook of Uncommon Cancer

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Calretinin Staining Facilitates Differentiation of Olfactory Neuroblastoma From Other Small Round Blue Cell Tumors in the Sinonasal Tract

Cited by 59 publications

References 26 publications

Neuroendocrine Neoplasms of the Sinonasal Tract: Neuroendocrine Carcinomas and Olfactory Neuroblastoma

Neuroendocrine Neoplasms of the Sinonasal Tract: Neuroendocrine Carcinomas and Olfactory Neuroblastoma

Small round blue cell tumors of the sinonasal tract: a differential diagnosis approach

Esthesioneuroblastoma

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