extrinsic ureteric compression in nine cases (8.3%), benign extrinsic ureteric compression in two cases (1.9%), pelvic-ureteric junction obstruction in two cases (1.9%), vesicoureteric junction (VUJ) obstruction in one case (0.9%), bladder outlet obstruction in one case (0.9%) and iatrogenic causes in four cases (3.7%).• No definitive cause was found in nine cases (8.3%). For patients in whom a ureteric stone was the cause of forniceal rupture, the level of obstruction was proximal ureter in 24.3% of cases, distal ureter in 17.6% of cases and VUJ in 58.1% of cases.• Mean ( SD ) stone size was 4.09 (2.0) mm. Mean ( SD ) stone size was 5.34 (1.87) mm for proximal stones, 4.08 (1.69) mm for distal stones and 3.53 (1.96) mm for VUJ stones ( P = 0.005).• Urinary tract infection was present in five out of 97 patients (5.2%) in whom data were available for analysis.
CONCLUSION• The most common aetiology of renal forniceal rupture is obstruction caused by distal ureteric stones followed by malignant extrinsic ureteric compression.