Camera‐trap data do not indicate scaling of diel activity and cathemerality with body mass in an East African mammal assemblage

Clauss, Marcus; Scriba, Miriam; Kioko, John; Ganzhorn, Jörg U.; Kiffner, Christian

doi:10.1002/ece3.8090

Cited by 12 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 78 publications

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“…Furthermore, there was an increase in the proportion of lying during the second half of a night found in all but three species. Similar observations have been made for some species such as Arabian Oryx, Common Elands, Blue Wildebeests or African Elephants, where inactivity increases during the night (Clauss et al, 2021;Davimes et al, 2018;Gravett et al, 2017;Gubert et al, 2022;Malungo et al, 2021). Okapi, Plains Zebra, Common exceptions that did not show a significant increase in the second part of the night also have a visual increase until the last 1-2 h. A possible explanation is that the behavior is just shifted by a few hours, and over a 24-h cycle these species could fit well into one of the two clusters.…”

Section: Trends and Rhythmssupporting

confidence: 82%

Nocturnal behavioral patterns of African ungulates in zoos

Gübert,

Schneider,

Hahn‐Klimroth

et al. 2023

Ecology and Evolution

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Currently, most studies on ungulates' behavior are conducted during the daylight hours, but their nocturnal behavior patterns differ from those shown during day. Therefore, it is necessary to observe ungulates' behavior also overnight. Detailed analyses of nocturnal behavior have only been conducted for very prominent ungulates such as Giraffes (Giraffa camelopardalis), African Elephants (Loxodonta africana), or livestock (e.g., domesticated cattle, sheep, or pigs), and the nocturnal rhythms exhibited by many ungulates remain unknown. In the present study, the nocturnal rhythms of 192 individuals of 18 ungulate species from 20 European zoos are studied with respect to the behavioral positions standing, lying—head up, and lying—head down (the typical REM sleep position). Differences between individuals of different age were found, but no differences with respect to the sex were seen. Most species showed a significant increase in the proportion of lying during the night. In addition, the time between two events of “lying down” was studied in detail. A high degree of rhythmicity with respect to this quantity was found in all species. The proportion of lying in such a period was greater in Artiodactyla than in Perissodactyla, and greater in juveniles than in adults.

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Section: Trends and Rhythmssupporting

confidence: 82%

Nocturnal behavioral patterns of African ungulates in zoos

Gübert,

Schneider,

Hahn‐Klimroth

et al. 2023

Ecology and Evolution

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“…While potential predators of olive baboons (e.g. leopards, lions, and spotted hyenas Crocuta crocuta [ 57 – 60 ]) may also frequently use unpaved roads in protected areas, these large carnivores are primarily nocturnal in LMNP [ 61 ]. As we carried out the line distance surveys between 8 am and 6 pm, olive baboons likely perceived moving along roads during these times not only as convenient but also as relatively safe.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Road-based line distance surveys overestimate densities of olive baboons

et al. 2022

Self Cite

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Estimating population density and population dynamics is essential for understanding primate ecology and relies on robust methods. While distance sampling theory provides a robust framework for estimating animal abundance, implementing a constrained, non-systematic transect design could bias density estimates. Here, we assessed potential bias associated with line distance sampling surveys along roads based on a case study with olive baboons (Papio anubis) in Lake Manyara National Park (Tanzania). This was achieved by comparing density estimates of olive baboons derived from road transect surveys with density estimates derived from estimating the maximum number of social groups (via sleeping site counts) and multiplying this metric with the estimated average size of social groups. From 2011 to 2019, we counted olive baboons along road transects, estimated survey-specific densities in a distance sampling framework, and assessed temporal population trends. Based on the fitted half-normal detection function, the mean density was 132.5 baboons km-2 (95% CI: 110.4–159.2), however, detection models did not fit well due to heaping of sightings on and near the transects. Density estimates were associated with relatively wide confidence intervals that were mostly caused by encounter rate variance. Based on a generalized additive model, baboon densities were greater during the rainy seasons compared to the dry seasons but did not show marked annual trends. Compared to estimates derived from the alternative method (sleeping site survey), distance sampling along road transects overestimated the abundance of baboons more than threefold. Possibly, this overestimation was caused by the preferred use of roads by baboons. While being a frequently used technique (due to its relative ease of implementation compared to spatially randomized survey techniques), inferring population density of baboons (and possibly other species) based on road transects should be treated with caution. Beyond these methodological concerns and considering only the most conservative estimates, baboon densities in LMNP are among the highest across their geographic distribution range.

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“…Activity may vary predictably with species traits such as body size, taxonomic order, and feeding strategy (Cid et al, 2020; Heesy & Hall, 2010; Rowcliffe et al, 2014; Van Schaik & Griffiths, 1996), although some studies contradict this (e.g., Clauss et al, 2021). Small‐bodied mammals were notably less active than larger species and were predominantly nocturnal (Table 3, Table S1), potentially supporting hypotheses that small mammals maintain lower activity levels to conserve energy (Hazlerigg & Tyler, 2019), and are more active at night when thermoregulatory pressures are eased (Crompton et al, 1978).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Stratified activity: Vertical partitioning of the diel cycle by rainforest mammals in Borneo

Haysom,

Deere,

Mahyudin

et al. 2023

Biotropica

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Animal activity is driven by the environmental conditions and physical structure of a habitat, and the need to interact with, or avoid, other animals. Knowledge of the proportion of the 24‐hour cycle spent active (activity level), and the time/s of day in which activity is concentrated (activity pattern), informs our understanding of species' ecology and community dynamics. In multidimensional habitats such as tropical rainforests, arboreal (canopy‐dwelling) taxa comprise up to three‐quarters of vertebrate assemblages; yet, wildlife surveys are typically limited to ground level. Terrestrial‐only sampling can result in activity metrics that do not take account of species' full use of horizontal and vertical habitat space. We paired ground‐ and canopy‐level camera traps to characterize mammal activity across vertical strata in Borneo. Additionally, we sampled unlogged and recovering‐logged rainforest to evaluate whether this activity was impacted by logging. Activity across vertical strata varied substantially among 37 species. Arboreal mammals were predominantly nocturnal or diurnal but never cathemeral, terrestrial mammals were mostly nocturnal or cathemeral, and semi‐arboreal mammals appeared to fill the temporal niches under‐utilized by other groups. Differences in activity between unlogged and recovering‐logged forest were minimal, with 92% of species found in both forest types retaining the same activity pattern. Our study demonstrates that the inclusion of canopy‐based sampling provides much greater insights into overall rainforest mammal activity than terrestrial sampling alone. Our results suggest that the varying opportunities and constraints of each stratum act in concert to influence the diel patterns of tropical mammals.

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Camera‐trap data do not indicate scaling of diel activity and cathemerality with body mass in an East African mammal assemblage

Cited by 12 publications

References 78 publications

Nocturnal behavioral patterns of African ungulates in zoos

Nocturnal behavioral patterns of African ungulates in zoos

Road-based line distance surveys overestimate densities of olive baboons

Stratified activity: Vertical partitioning of the diel cycle by rainforest mammals in Borneo

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