Campanumoea javanica Bl. activates the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway and reduces sarcopenia in a T2DM rat model

Abstract

Objective: Sarcopenia causes loss of skeletal muscle and function, thus seriously affecting the physical function and quality of life in the elderly. This article discusses the specific molecular mechanism and ameliorating effects of Tudangshen (TDS) on sarcopenia in elderly rats with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM).Methods: Elderly Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were randomly selected and fed with a high-fat diet combined with an intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin to establish T2DM model. The model rats were stratified and randomly divided into the model group, metformin group, TDS high-dose group, TDS medium-dose group, and TDS low-dose group according to blood glucose combined with body weight, and the same batch of old SD rats was set as the normal control group. The effects of TDS in an elderly T2DM sarcopenia rat model were evaluated by observing the body positions of the rats, analyzing blood biochemistry, testing exercise capacity, and pathologically staining sectioned gastrocnemius muscle tissues. The molecular mechanisms of the effects were analyzed using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction and western blotting.Results: TDS has no statistically significant effect on blood glucose, insulin and glycosylated serum protein in aged rats with T2DM, but it can reduce levels of glycosylated serum protein, total cholesterol, triglycerides, and low-density lipoprotein; it improves pathological changes in rat gastrocnemius muscle tissues, and increases muscle cell activity in elderly rats with T2DM and sarcopenia. TDS also promoted the upregulation of the expression of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR)/protein kinase B (PKB/AKT)/phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/ribosomal protein S6 kinase/eukaryotic initiation factor 4E binding rotein1 mRNA in rats and triggered an increase in corresponding protein levels.Conclusions: TDS alleviated muscle decline in elderly rats with T2DM by activating the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway and regulating the synthesis of corresponding proteins.

Enhanced antidepressant effects of BDNF-quercetin alginate nanogels for depression therapy

“…The previous study showed that examining the effects of nanogels on cytokine levels was worthwhile for immune systems induced by immune stimulators [ 32 ]. Natural active compounds have been widely used in treating diseases due to their low toxicity and good biocompatibility [ 33 – 35 ]. To investigate whether quercetin nanogels had immunostimulatory effects, TNF-α and IL-6 concentrations in the cell supernatant were determined after incubation with RAW 264.7 cells for 48 h. Compared with the control, quercetin nanogels and blank nanogels did not stimulate RAW 264.7 cells to secrete excessive inflammatory factors (Figure S2 c-d), indicating that the quercetin nanogels and blank nanogels did not activate the cellular immune response.…”

Metabolomics biomarkers and related pathways in endometrial cancer: A systematic review and meta‐analysis

“…Sex hormones play a key role in the occurrence and development of EC 67 . Studies have shown that excessive endogenous estrogen may directly stimulate the growth of endometrium by activating estrogen receptors α and play a carcinogenic role by activating insulin‐like growth factor (IGF) receptor 1 and epidermal growth factor receptor, thereby activating the downstream PI3K‐AKT–mTOR pathway 68‐70 …”

“…67 Studies have shown that excessive endogenous estrogen may directly stimulate the growth of endometrium by activating estrogen receptors α and play a carcinogenic role by activating insulin-like growth factor (IGF) receptor 1 and epidermal growth factor receptor, thereby activating the downstream PI3K-AKT-mTOR pathway. [68][69][70] Furthermore, in amino acid metabolism, amino acid levels in healthy individuals are usually controlled within a certain range by the homeostatic function of the organism. 71 Studies have shown that various amino acid levels of patients with different types of gynaecological cancer may be changed.…”

Bibliometric and visualized analysis of sodium–Glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors

“…However, this conclusion needs further verification by prospective cohort studies in the future. TCM emphasizes improving symptoms and preventing secondary complications ( Zheng et al, 2020 ; Chen et al, 2022 ; Zuo et al, 2022 ). Unlike TCM, Western therapies focus on blood glucose regulation and cardiovascular risk factor management in patients with T2DM.…”