“…As of January 2022, that number dropped by 37 % totaling just 338 municipalities (Insurance Institute for Highway Safety & Highway Loss Data Institute, 2022). While this decrease in application has been attributed, in part, to difficulty of program management and several cases of fraud (Albanese, 2018;Morain et al, 2016), by far the dominant opposing force to the expansion of CE programs has been negative public opinion (Turner & Polk, 1998;Ralph et al, 2022a). The perceived strength of public disapproval has even motivated legislators in some states to go so far as to ban camera use for roadway enforcement entirely (Morain et al, 2016;Short, 2019).…”