Can artesian groundwater and earthquake-induced aquifer leakage exacerbate the manifestation of liquefaction?

Cox, Simon C.; Ballegooy, Sjoerd van; Rutter, Helen; Harte, David; Holden, Caroline; Gulley, Anton; Lacrosse, V.; Manga, Michael

doi:10.1016/j.enggeo.2020.105982

Cited by 18 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 50 publications

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“…As long as the rate of the flow of water out of the fissure is sufficient to maintain a relatively low density of the water mixture, and the liquefied soil velocity counteracts sedimentation, the material ejection or the flowing up through the crack will continue after the earthquake stops, powered by ground subsidence (gravity). In this respect, Cox et al 6 reported surface flows that persisted for hours after the Christchurch earthquakes (2010-2011) stopped.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A mechanism to explain soil liquefaction environmental effects during an earthquake

Teixeira

2023

Preprint

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Soil liquefaction has potentially devastating consequences for infrastructures and endangers human lives. The mechanisms used to explain the above-ground environmental effects of soil liquefaction during and after an earthquake stops require a set of conditions seldom observed in situ (e.g. in the water degassing mechanism). The nature of the high-pressure heads observed remain unknown. Herein an alternative conceptual model is presented based on the pressure heads of the liquefied soil, water or slurry and the differences in density of the two fluids. Water or a slurry of low density, for example, from water springs flowing out of bedrock fissures, is a requirement of the model. A simulation of a simplified system shows that a pressure head of the slurry well over the required to reach the soil surface is obtained in most of the function's domain. The flow velocity at the surface will depend on the soil and water mixture ratio, which is expected to be correlated with the soil characteristics through the profile- the potential for the walls of the cracks to collapse. The inexistence of active water springs prevents the ejection of water mixtures at the soil surface. When saturated and permeable soil is shacked, as during an earthquake, the rearrangement of the solid particles leads to transient pore water pressure increase; however, the mean pressure head on a horizontal surface remains equal to the pressure head without shaking. This text discusses a mechanism to explain the above-ground environmental effects of soil liquefaction.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A mechanism to explain soil liquefaction environmental effects during an earthquake

Teixeira

2023

Preprint

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“…Since the aquifers in these wells are all covered with thick barrier formations (Zhang et al, 2021), the reason for their different responses may lie elsewhere. Earthquakes may connect aquifers to nearby high-pressure sources to cause sustained water-level response (Roeloffs, 1998) and liquefaction (e.g., Cox et al, 2021). Following the 2004 M9.2 Sumatra earthquake, for example, a well in southern China 3,200 km away from the epicenter blew out, and the groundwater fountain reached a height of 60 m above the ground surface (Che et al, 2009;Wang & Manga, 2021).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A New Mechanism for Earthquake‐Enhanced Permeability

Wang

2022

Water Resources Research

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The permeability of Earth's crust is of great interest because it governs key hydrogeologic processes such as advective transport of heat and solutes and the generation of elevated fluid pressures by processes such as compaction and liquefaction (e.g., Manga et al., 2012). Studies of organic matters and fluid inclusions in mineral cement in sedimentary basins often reveal evidence of upward migration of hot fluids from depths (e.g., Mark et al., 2005;Price, 1978). Yet the mechanism for such upward migration has remained obscure. Recent studies of the hydrogeologic responses to earthquakes have revealed that earthquakes may cause dynamic changes of crustal permeability at great distances from the epicenters (see Manga et al., 2012, for a review). Most such changes are transient and reversible and affect only the horizontal permeability of aquifers (e.g., Elkhoury et al., 2006) and are variably interpreted to be due to co-seismic redistribution of debris or gas bubbles from sedimentary pores or pre-existing fractures (e.g.,

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“…While it is difficult to quantify the contribution of aquifer leakage, causes of liquefaction involving different mechanistic processes operating together are likely to be non-linear and sporadic, but have the potential to be mitigated separately. [6]. Liquefaction mitigation countermeasures can be classified into two types: One approach is to start with the liquefaction qualities of the foundation soil and work backwards, enhancing soil quality to boost the soil's anti-liquefaction capabilities early on.…”

Section: Theoretical Frameworkmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The appearance of sand boils after earthquakes show that artesian affects liquefaction potential and soil conditions in the form of saturated loose sand [6]. The research conducted at Mpanau involved examining 3 points within the Gumbasa area using Standard Penetration Test (SPT) data.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…That a longer state of liquefaction was observed during the aftershocks. Finally, the different excess pore pressure responses of the four sand columns prove that the variability of geotechnical conditions plays an important influence on the liquefaction response[5].The appearance of sand boils after earthquakes show that artesian affects liquefaction potential and soil conditions in the form of saturated loose sand[6]. The research conducted at Mpanau involved examining 3 points within the Gumbasa area using Standard Penetration Test (SPT) data.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Relief well as liquefaction mitigation option in Mpanau, Sigi, Central Sulawesi, Indonesia

Kusumajati,

Rifa’i,

Istiarto

et al. 2024

IOP Conf. Ser.: Earth Environ. Sci.

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The liquefaction disaster that occurred in Central Sulawesi in September 2018 was not only in the form of flow liquefaction but also a sand boil. Sand boils are caused by excess pore water pressure (PWP) which causes sediment ejecta due to water pressure within the ground. This research focuses on the use of relief wells to relieve excess PWP. During the 2018 disaster, the research location in Mpanau, Sigi, Central Sulawesi, had many sand boil points and the emergence of new water springs after the earthquake. At this point, the increase in PWP presumably resulted from a leaking groundwater basin, thus providing additional pressure. The method used was calculating the Ejecta Potential Index (EPI) and modelling with Seep/w. This calculation determined the amount of PWP that could be released to maintain the comparison between PWP and effective stress. This comparison is also known as the PWP (Ru) ratio and should be kept at less than 0.8, indicating the absence of liquefaction in the layer. This analysis was carried out with the initial conditions without wells and after the presence of wells, then assessing the distance of the wells to eliminate artesian pressure. It was concluded that this mitigation method is appropriate for areas that have groundwater basins with layers prone to aquifer leakage to reduce additional PWP.

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Can artesian groundwater and earthquake-induced aquifer leakage exacerbate the manifestation of liquefaction?

Cited by 18 publications

References 50 publications

A mechanism to explain soil liquefaction environmental effects during an earthquake

A mechanism to explain soil liquefaction environmental effects during an earthquake

A New Mechanism for Earthquake‐Enhanced Permeability

Relief well as liquefaction mitigation option in Mpanau, Sigi, Central Sulawesi, Indonesia

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