Abstract:Bilirubin has been proven to possess significant anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and antiviral activities. Recently, it has been postulated as a metabolic hormone. Further, moderately higher bilirubin levels are positively associated with reduced risk of cardiovascular disease, diabetes, metabolic syndrome and obesity. However, due to poor solubility the therapeutic delivery of bilirubin remains a challenge. Nanotechnology offers unique advantages which may be exploited for improved delivery of bilirubin to the… Show more
“…In conclusion, we agree that the study of Al-Kuraishy et al is particularly relevant regarding the antioxidant role of hyperbilirubinemia in coronavirus disease patients, as already reported by Liu et al (6). Its beneficial role has been additionally highlighted by Khurana et al, who postulated the use of intravenous administration or inhalational delivery of bilirubin nanomedicine to combat systemic dysfunctions associated with COVID-19 (7). However, we believe that these evidences might involve CNS-2 patients, who are rarer than GS patients; in consequence, it is risky to consider this case as a GS patient based on bilirubin levels, which are apparently not compatible with a GS diagnosis.…”
“…In conclusion, we agree that the study of Al-Kuraishy et al is particularly relevant regarding the antioxidant role of hyperbilirubinemia in coronavirus disease patients, as already reported by Liu et al (6). Its beneficial role has been additionally highlighted by Khurana et al, who postulated the use of intravenous administration or inhalational delivery of bilirubin nanomedicine to combat systemic dysfunctions associated with COVID-19 (7). However, we believe that these evidences might involve CNS-2 patients, who are rarer than GS patients; in consequence, it is risky to consider this case as a GS patient based on bilirubin levels, which are apparently not compatible with a GS diagnosis.…”
“…Carbon, gold, silver, lipid, nanoceria, bilirubin, and cerium oxide nanoparticles are widely used as theranostic agents. [50][51][52][53][54][55] AuNP and silver nanoparticles (AgNP) are excellent theranostic agents, with a high ratio of area to the volume that allows the functionalization of these particles with various biomolecules. 35,56 Moreover, the use of AuNP and enhancement of signal by Ag is reported to improve the sensitivity.…”
Background: Serological tests detecting severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus−2 (SARS-CoV-2) are widely used in seroprevalence studies and evaluating the efficacy of the vaccination program. Some of the widely used serological testing techniques are enzymelinked immune-sorbent assay (ELISA), chemiluminescence immunoassay (CLIA), and lateral flow immunoassay (LFIA). However, these tests are plagued with low sensitivity or specificity, time-consuming, labor-intensive, and expensive. We developed a serological test implementing flow-through dot-blot assay (FT-DBA) for SARS-CoV-2 specific IgG detection, which provides enhanced sensitivity and specificity while being quick to perform and easy to use. Methods: SARS-CoV-2 antigens were immobilized on nitrocellulose membrane to capture human IgG, which was then detected with anti-human IgG conjugated gold nanoparticle (hIgG-AuNP). A total of 181 samples were analyzed in-house. Within which 35 were further evaluated in US FDA-approved CLIA Elecsys SARS-CoV-2 assay. The positive panel consisted of RT-qPCR positive samples from patients with both <14 days and >14 days from the onset of clinical symptoms. The negative panel contained samples collected from the pre-pandemic era dengue patients and healthy donors during the pandemic. Moreover, the sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), and negative predictive value (NPV) of FT-DBA were evaluated against RT-qPCR positive sera. However, the overall efficacies were assessed with sera that seroconverted against either nucleocapsid (NCP) or receptorbinding domain (RBD). Results: In-house ELISA selected a total of 81 true seropositive and 100 seronegative samples. The sensitivity of samples with <14 days using FT-DBA was 94.7%, increasing to 100% for samples >14 days. The overall detection sensitivity and specificity were 98.8% and 98%, respectively, whereas the overall PPV and NPV were 99.6% and 99%. Moreover, comparative analysis between in-house ELISA assays and FT-DBA revealed clinical agreement of Cohen's Kappa value of 0.944. The FT-DBA showed sensitivity and specificity of 100% when compared with commercial CLIA kits.
Conclusion:The assay can confirm past SARS-CoV-2 infection with high accuracy within 2 minutes compared to commercial CLIA or in-house ELISA. It can help track SARS-CoV-2 disease progression, population screening, and vaccination response. The ease of use of the assay without requiring any instruments while being semi-quantitative provides the avenue of its implementation in remote areas around the globe, where conventional serodiagnosis is not feasible.
“…Though, the Sputnik-V and BNT162b2 vaccines have been granted rapid clinical approvals, their safety remains unclear and the recent complications including the disputed cases of Bell's palsy with BNT162b2, indicate the enormity of risk involved in approving vaccines in a haste [ 13 , 14 , 15 ]. The need of present time is to develop and design potent antiviral agents that may aid in fighting and overcoming the COVID-19 pandemic [ 16 , 17 , 18 ]. Figure 1 The life cycle of SARS CoV 2 inside the host.…”
COVID-19 is a highly contagious and widespread disease that has strained the global healthcare system to the hilt. Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) are well known for their potent antimicrobial, antiviral, immunomodulatory, and biosensing properties. AgNPs have been found to be potential antiviral agent that acts against many deadly viruses and is presumed to be effective against COVID-19. AgNPs can generate free radicals and reactive oxygen species (ROS) leading to apoptosis mediated cell death thereby inhibiting viral infection. The shape and size of AgNPs play an important role in its biomedical applications as alterations may result in variable biological interaction and activity. Herein, we propose that AgNPs can be utilized for the effective management of the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic by highlighting the current status of AgNPs in the fight against COVID-19.
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