Can bugs be an alternative or adjuvant to drugs in schizophrenia?

Syed, Mushraf; Nayak, Veena; Shenoy, Padmaja Ananth

doi:10.7324/japs.2024.142934

Cited by 2 publications

(1 citation statement)

References 116 publications

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“…Recent research has elucidated the influence of sex-related factors on the BGMA [13][14][15][16]. The modulation of the immune system by the BGMA and sex hormones is an important area of research [17].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Gut–Brain Axis: Focus on Sex Differences in Neuroinflammation

Caldarelli,

Rio,

Marrone

et al. 2024

IJMS

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In recent years, there has been a growing interest in the concept of the “gut–brain axis”. In addition to well-studied diseases associated with an imbalance in gut microbiota, such as cancer, chronic inflammation, and cardiovascular diseases, research is now exploring the potential role of gut microbial dysbiosis in the onset and development of brain-related diseases. When the function of the intestinal barrier is altered by dysbiosis, the aberrant immune system response interacts with the nervous system, leading to a state of “neuroinflammation”. The gut microbiota–brain axis is mediated by inflammatory and immunological mechanisms, neurotransmitters, and neuroendocrine pathways. This narrative review aims to illustrate the molecular basis of neuroinflammation and elaborate on the concept of the gut–brain axis by virtue of analyzing the various metabolites produced by the gut microbiome and how they might impact the nervous system. Additionally, the current review will highlight how sex influences these molecular mechanisms. In fact, sex hormones impact the brain–gut microbiota axis at different levels, such as the central nervous system, the enteric nervous one, and enteroendocrine cells. A deeper understanding of the gut–brain axis in human health and disease is crucial to guide diagnoses, treatments, and preventive interventions.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Gut–Brain Axis: Focus on Sex Differences in Neuroinflammation

Caldarelli,

Rio,

Marrone

et al. 2024

IJMS

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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Exploring the effects of probiotics on olanzapine-induced metabolic syndrome through the gut microbiota

Mushraf,

Chawla,

Fayaz

et al. 2024

Gut Pathog

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Background Maintaining gut microbial homeostasis is crucial for human health, as imbalances in the gut microbiota (GM) can lead to various diseases, including metabolic syndrome (MS), exacerbated by the use of antipsychotic medications such as olanzapine (OLZ). Understanding the role of the GM in OLZ-induced MS could lead to new therapeutic strategies. This study used metagenomic analysis to explore the impact of OLZ on the GM composition and examined how probiotics can mitigate its adverse effects in a rat model. Changes in weight, blood pressure, and lipid levels, which are key parameters defining MS, were assessed. Additionally, this study investigated serotonin, dopamine, and histopathological changes to explore their possible link with the microbiota-gut-brain axis (MGBA). Results OLZ had an antagonistic effect on serotonin and dopamine receptors, and it was consistently found to alter the composition of the GM, with an increase in the relative abundance (RA) of the Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes phyla ratio and TM7 genera, indicating that the anticommonsal action of OLZ affects appetite and energy expenditure, contributing to obesity, dyslipidemia and increased blood pressure, which are core components of MS. Hepatic steatosis and intestinal damage in OLZ-treated rat tissues further indicate its role in MS. Conversely, the administration of probiotics, either alone or in combination with OLZ, was found to mitigate these OLZ-induced symptoms of MS by altering the GM composition. These alterations included increases in the abundances of the taxa Bacteroidetes, Actinobacteria, Prevotella, Blautia, Bacteroides, Bacteroidales, and Ruminococcaceae and a decrease in Firmicute abundance. These changes helped maintain gut barrier integrity and modulated neurotransmitter levels, suggesting that probiotics can counteract the adverse metabolic effects of OLZ by restoring the GM balance. Moreover, this study highlights the modulation of the MGBA by OLZ as a potential mechanism through which probiotics modulate serotonin and dopamine levels, influencing metabolic health. Conclusion These findings emphasise the significant impact of OLZ on the GM and its contribution to MS. These findings suggest that interventions targeting the GM, such as probiotics, could mitigate the metabolic side effects of OLZ. Future research should focus on developing integrative treatment approaches that consider the health of the gut microbiome in managing antipsychotic-induced adverse effects.

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Can bugs be an alternative or adjuvant to drugs in schizophrenia?

Cited by 2 publications

References 116 publications

Gut–Brain Axis: Focus on Sex Differences in Neuroinflammation

Gut–Brain Axis: Focus on Sex Differences in Neuroinflammation

Exploring the effects of probiotics on olanzapine-induced metabolic syndrome through the gut microbiota

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