Can China reduce energy for water? A review of energy for urban water supply and wastewater treatment and suggestions for change

Smith, Kate; Liu, Shuming; Liu, Ying; Guo, Shengjie

doi:10.1016/j.rser.2018.03.051

Cited by 69 publications

(38 citation statements)

References 78 publications

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“…Today, most treated municipal wastewater is still discharged to receiving water bodies, which is indeed a waste of the water resource. In fact, treated wastewater should be regarded as a potential water resource for water recycling and reuse (Smith et al, 2018). This may lead to reduced demand for natural freshwater.…”

Section: Water Recovery: the Primary Goal Of Wastewater Reclamationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In China, more and more cities suffer from increasing water shortage due to limited water resources. On the other hand, the annual treated municipal wastewater in China had already hit 46.7 billion (46.7 × 10 9 ) m 3 in 2015 (Smith et al, 2018), and nearly 4,000 municipal WWTPs are currently in operation. Given this, reuse of reclaimed wastewater is a growing trend in order to satisfy increasing water demand (Chang et al, 2013).…”

Section: Water Recovery: the Primary Goal Of Wastewater Reclamationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For example, there were 571 water reclamation plants (WRPs) treating secondary effluents from conventional WWTPs for water reuse in 2013, with a total length of reclaimed water pipelines of about 8,300 km (Chen et al, 2017). Reclaimed water was reported to increase from 8.2% to 9.5% of annually produced wastewater between 2014 and 2015 (Smith et al, 2018). Table 2.2 shows the Chinese standards for reclaimed water organized in a hierarchy of different uses.…”

Section: Water Recovery: the Primary Goal Of Wastewater Reclamationmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Approaches to energy and resource recovery from municipal wastewater

Zhang¹

2020

A-B Processes: Towards Energy Self-Sufficient Municipal Wastewater Treatment

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The activated sludge process is regarded by many as a remarkable engineering development of the 20th Century which has made a great contribution to wastewater treatment. But after more than 100 years of successful application, the conventional activated sludge (CAS) process has recently been receiving an increasing number of critiques due to the high energy consumption and excessive sludge generation associated with it. Increasing efforts have been devoted to energy recovery in the form of biogas produced from waste sludge through anaerobic digestion (AD). However, the recoverable electrical energy generated from the AD of waste sludge can only offset about 50-60% of the total input energy of wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) with CAS as the core process, while energy efficiency could be increased further to about 75% with upgraded AD equipped with pre-treatment of thickening sludge and a combined heat and power (CHP) process (Cao, 2011). Moreover, process upgrading and retrofitting are urgently needed in more and more WWTPs around the world to meet the tightened effluent discharge standards applied in recent years which inevitably lead to a rising trend of in-plant energy consumption. For example, it has been reported that the effluent discharge standards in China have been gradually migrated to quasi Class IV for surface water bodies with very low discharge limits. Consequently, it appears almost impossible or highly challenging to

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Section: Water Recovery: the Primary Goal Of Wastewater Reclamationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Water Recovery: the Primary Goal Of Wastewater Reclamationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Water Recovery: the Primary Goal Of Wastewater Reclamationmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Approaches to energy and resource recovery from municipal wastewater

Zhang¹

2020

A-B Processes: Towards Energy Self-Sufficient Municipal Wastewater Treatment

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“…Urban wastewater is an excellent waste heat source. It has the characteristics that the wastewater temperature is higher than the atmospheric temperature in winter and lower than the atmospheric temperature in summer [110]. It is an ideal low-grade heat source for heat pumps.…”

Section: Towards Energy-positive Wastewater Treatment Plantsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Integration of Green Energy and Advanced Energy-Efficient Technologies for Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plants

Guo

Sun

Pan

et al. 2019

IJERPH

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Wastewater treatment can consume a large amount of energy to meet discharge standards. However, wastewater also contains resources which could be recovered for secondary uses under proper treatment. Hence, the goal of this paper is to review the available green energy and biomass energy that can be utilized in wastewater treatment plants. Comprehensive elucidation of energy-efficient technologies for wastewater treatment plants are revealed. For these energy-efficient technologies, this review provides an introduction and current application status of these technologies as well as key performance indicators for the integration of green energy and energy-efficient technologies. There are several assessment perspectives summarized in the evaluation of the integration of green energy and energy-efficient technologies in wastewater treatment plants. To overcome the challenges in wastewater treatment plants, the Internet of Things (IoT) and green chemistry technologies for the water and energy nexus are proposed. The findings of this review are highly beneficial for the development of green energy and energy-efficient wastewater treatment plants. Future research should investigate the integration of green infrastructure and ecologically advanced treatment technologies to explore the potential benefits and advantages.

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“…The main sources of physical water losses are [5,6]:  hidden losses during transportation through the network (90% of all leaks in the network);  losses due to accidents and failures;  unregistered connections to water networks;  leaks through the seals of valves at water treatment stations, pumping stations;  overflows from tanks;  losses associated with the consumption of own needs, as well as natural water loss.…”

Section: Energy Saving Approaches In Water Sector In Russiamentioning

confidence: 99%

Review of energy saving and energy efficiency approaches applied in water sector in Russia

Makisha

Shevchenko-Enns

2019

E3S Web Conf.

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The article focuses on factors that might be crucial if an energy efficiency in the field of water supply and wastewater treatment is considered. There are most common drawbacks in maintenance of water supply and wastewater system described as well as the directions on the improvement of situation. The main directions of technological energy saving is the use of energy efficient technologies; energy efficient engineering solutions, and methods and equipment for regulating the operation of facilities and equipment.

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Can China reduce energy for water? A review of energy for urban water supply and wastewater treatment and suggestions for change

Cited by 69 publications

References 78 publications

Approaches to energy and resource recovery from municipal wastewater

Approaches to energy and resource recovery from municipal wastewater

Integration of Green Energy and Advanced Energy-Efficient Technologies for Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plants

Review of energy saving and energy efficiency approaches applied in water sector in Russia

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