“…In this approach, expert raters are typically asked to carefully listen to speech samples (multiple times) and then to analyze only the phonological qualities of the samples such as segmentals, word stress, intonation, and speech rate (Saito et al., ). In other studies, expert raters have made accuracy judgments targeting only specific segmentals (e.g., see Saito, ; Saito & Lyster, , for English /r/; Lee & Lyster, , for English /i/–/ɪ/ tense–lax vowel distinction) and suprasegmentals (e.g., see Bosker, Pinget, Quené, Sanders, & De Jong, , for speed, breakdown, and repair fluency; Parlak & Ziegler, , for lexical stress; Munro & Derwing, , for intonation). Given that what listeners can hear matters crucially for many researchers and practitioners alike, this expert rating approach has been most often used in primary studies of pronunciation teaching as a way to assess the minimum, meaningful, and perceptible units of L2 pronunciation (Thomson & Derwing, ).…”