Can Formal Education Reduce Risks for Drought-Prone Pastoralists?: A Case Study from Baringo District, Kenya

Little, Peter D.; Aboud, A. A.; Lenachuru, Clement Isaiah

doi:10.17730/humo.68.2.n70t617197x4w778

Cited by 22 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…Inter-communal relations particularly deteriorate when raids include the rape or abduction of women. This practice could increase the incentive for parents to marry off their daughters early into the 'safe hands' of a husband (see Little et al 2009). Another response to such hostile attacks is retaliation which further fuels the conflict (Eaton 2008).…”

Section: Insecurity and Its Subsequent Effectsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Raiding pastoral livelihoods: motives and effects of violent conflict in north-western Kenya

Schilling¹,

Opiyo

Scheffran³

2012

Pastor Res Policy Pract

105

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Conflicts related to livestock raiding are not new phenomena in many pastoral societies in the Horn of Africa. Traditionally, various pastoral communities use raiding as a cultural practice for restocking of herds, especially after periods of drought or outbreaks of diseases. However, in recent years, livestock raiding has become more frequent, violent and destructive. This paper elucidates, first, the motives behind the current livestock raiding, and second, it analyses how conflict affects livelihoods of pastoral communities. Between 2008 and 2011, focus group discussions and interviews were carried out with 376 members of the Turkana and Pokot communities and key informants. The study findings suggest that hunger and drought impacting on availability and access of resources are critical raiding motives among the Turkana, while increasing wealth and payment of dowry are the most important motives for the Pokot community. Violent conflict poses a significant threat to pastoral livelihoods which are already under pressure from recurrent drought, diseases and political marginalisation. The direct impact of violent raiding is felt in terms of loss of human life and property, reduction in livestock numbers, limited access to water and pasture resources and forced migration. Indirectly, violent conflicts create a strong and omnipresent perception of insecurity which results in ineffective resource utilisation, reduced mobility, food insecurity and closure of markets and schools. These factors combined undermine adaptation strategies and pastoralism altogether. Hence, a framework of conflict mitigation is needed which addresses the specific raiding motives of each group.

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Section: Insecurity and Its Subsequent Effectsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Raiding pastoral livelihoods: motives and effects of violent conflict in north-western Kenya

Schilling¹,

Opiyo

Scheffran³

2012

Pastor Res Policy Pract

105

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Batterbury 2001;West 2009); the nomadic communities of East Africa (e.g. Little et al 2009); and groups inhabiting lush environments with lengthy growing seasons (Ellis and Bahiigwa 2003;Bigsten and Tengstam 2011). At each location, a family's decision to diversify is governed by very unique sets of factors.…”

Section: Livelihood Diversification In Arid African Environmentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Going for gold: transitional livelihoods in Northern Ghana

2013

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This article critically reflects on what impact a supported and formalized artisanal and smallscale mining (ASM) sector could have in Northern Ghana, where poverty is deeply-rooted, the outcome of decades of government neglect. Since country independence in 1957, numerous attempts have been made to improve the living standards of the populations in the country's North but deteriorated human resource bases and shortages of infrastructure have limited their effectiveness. A recent upsurge in ASM activity, however, has catapulted the region on to another -previously unimaginable -growth trajectory entirely. As findings from research carried out in the township of Kui in Bole District of the country's Northern Region illustrate, ASM has injected considerable wealth into many of Ghana's Northern localities, in the process, helping to stabilize their economies and in the process, alleviating the hardships of tens of thousands of farm-dependent families. The intensification of support to, and the formalization of, ASM, could prove to be an important step toward eradicating a poverty problem that has plagued this region of sub-Saharan Africa for more than a century.

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“…Consequently, diversification as applied to pastoralists has long been discussed, focusing specifically on the constraints posed by climatic risks (Blackwell 2010;McCabe et al 2010;Speranza et al 2008;Little et al 2009), food security stress as a result of population pressure on natural resources (Hussein and Nelson 1998;Coppock 2016;Schmidt and Pearson 2016;Galvin et al 2015;Nyberg et al 2015) and the loss of common property resources (Coppock 2016;Coppock et al 2015;Ensminger and Rutten 1991).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Managing livelihood risks: Income diversification and the livelihood strategies of households in pastoral settlements in Isiolo County, Kenya

Gargule

2018

Pastoralism

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Research in northern Kenya presents evidence that livestock herding remains the most important income activity for households in pastoral settlements, even though non-livestock income activities constitute a significant proportion of household income. This paper explores the socio-economic determinants of pastoral income diversification using rural household data collected from three pastoral settlement in Isiolo County, northern Kenya. This study is concerned with the patterns and determinants of participation in non-pastoral income-earning activities (NPIs), including emerging household strategies and their impact on pastoral livestock production with particular reference to household dependence on livestock income. The results show that the intensity and proportion of NPIs in household incomes are determined by household demographic factors and mobility status. This study concludes that the increase in NPIs that accompanies pastoral livestock production points to the growing importance of livelihood security derived from both managing pastoral livestock production risks and optimizing incentives for non-livestock livelihoods. This finding implies that NPIs are not a substitute for pastoral livelihood, at least not as the base livelihood, in the study area.

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Can Formal Education Reduce Risks for Drought-Prone Pastoralists?: A Case Study from Baringo District, Kenya

Cited by 22 publications

References 14 publications

Raiding pastoral livelihoods: motives and effects of violent conflict in north-western Kenya

Raiding pastoral livelihoods: motives and effects of violent conflict in north-western Kenya

Going for gold: transitional livelihoods in Northern Ghana

Managing livelihood risks: Income diversification and the livelihood strategies of households in pastoral settlements in Isiolo County, Kenya

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