“…For policymakers, language and integration courses are one of the few direct tools to foster the social integration of migrants and such courses have been a central component of the German government's integration policy. We next explore the effectiveness of such integration courses, thereby contributing to a literature that has studied various government policies intended to assimilate minority groups or to improve their labor market prospects (Abdelgadir and Fouka, 2020;Abramitzky, Boustan and Eriksson, 2020;Arendt et al, 2020;Bandiera et al, 2019;Battisti, Giesing and Laurentsyeva, 2019;Fouka, 2020;Lleras-Muney and Shertzer, 2015). We find that in counties with more completed integration courses, relative friending is higher.…”